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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are chromosomes? |
In the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
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______ is when cellular division results in two daughters cells having half the DNA of the parent cell |
Meiosis |
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What forms proteins? |
Amino acids |
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What manufactures proteins? |
Ribosomes |
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What kind of mutations are heritable? |
Germ cell mutations |
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How is information from DNA transferred to RNA? |
Through transcription |
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Genetic info is stored and transmitted through ____ |
DNA |
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Protein formation occurs through a two step process involving... |
Transcription and translation |
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What are the mechanisms of biological evolution that operate at a population level? |
Genetic drift, Gene flow |
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Natural selection determines what? |
How phenotypes vary in expression and frequency in a population |
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____ is when species formation occurs following the geographic isolation of populations |
Allopatric speciation |
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________ is when an organism has overlapping fields of vision |
Stereoscopic vision |
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____ is the primate suborder comprising lemurs, lorises, and galagos |
Strepsirhini |
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Strepsirhini and haplorhini are what? |
Primate suborders |
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A trait that is old on a phylogenetic scale of development is called ____ |
A primitive feature |
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_____ enhances night vision |
Tapetum Lucidum (extra layer of light reflecting tissue in the eye) |
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______ is a ring of bone around the eye socket |
Postorbital bar |
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A monkey that sleeps during the night and is active during the day is _____ |
Diurnal |
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A monkey with varying activity cycles is _________ |
Cathemeral |
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______ reduces night vision but improves visual acuity |
Retinal fovea |
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Humans, orangutans, and gorillas are all members of the.... |
Haplorhini suborder, Catarrhini superfamily |
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a male chimp leaving his home group upon reaching maturity exemplifies ________ |
Female philopatry |
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Examining how artifacts change over time in order to determine relative age is known as... |
Seriation (or typological sequence) |
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Determining age based upon the rings of a tree is... |
Dendrochronology |
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The absolute dating method that involves examining the radioactive decay of isotopes is known as... |
Radiocarbon dating |
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What's the improved version of radiocarbon dating? |
Accelerator mass spectrometry |
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What's the dating method used on volcanic rock? |
Potassium argon dating |
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Borrowing a trait from another society is _____ |
The diffusion mechanism of change |
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Extensive cultural borrowing between 2 societies in the context of an unequal power relationship is... |
The Acculturation mechanism of change |
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What tool tradition is associated with Homo habilis? |
Oldowan |
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The oldowan tool tradition utilized only _____ |
Percussion flaking |
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What tool is associated strongly with the Acheulean tool tradition? |
The Acheulean handaxe |
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What species dominated the middle paleolithic? |
Homo neanderthalensis |
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What tool tradition is associated with Homo neanderthalensis? |
Mousterian |
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Hafted stone tools are found in the _____ tool tradition |
Mousterian |
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The levallois method is associated with the _____ tool tradition |
Mousterian |
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The upper paleolithic period is associated with which species? |
Modern humans: Homo sapiens |
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The neolithic period refers to... |
The earliest food producing cultures |
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Which theory of agriculture states that people, plants, and animals became concentrated near oases due to global heating post ice age? |
The Oasis hypothesis |
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What theory of agriculture states that increasing populations led to agriculture? |
Population pressure hypothesis |
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The ___ is a large scale political unit with centralized decision making |
State |
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The first state was... |
Uruk, mesopotamia |
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A dental tooth comb is a trait of _________ |
Strepsirhines |
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A moist rhinarium is a trait of... |
Strepsirhini |
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Tapetum Lucidum is found in.... |
Strepsirhini |
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Dry noses are found in.... |
Haplorhini |
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Retinal fovea is found in... |
Haplorhini |
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The mandibular and frontal symphases of strepsirhines are.... |
Unfused |
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The mandibular and frontal symphases of haplorhini are _____ |
Fused |
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Primate grooming serves to... |
Establish and maintain social bonds, reconcile |
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The primate like mammals of the paleocene are known as ________ |
Plesiadapiformes |
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The two main Eocene families are the ______ and the _______ |
Adapidae and Omomyidae |
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3 haplorhine features are... |
Fused frontal bone postorbital closure Fused mandibular symphases |
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Eocene primates, Adapidae, may have led to ____ |
Lemurs |
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Eocene primates, Omomyidae, may have led to ___ |
Tarsiers |
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Why is it easier to determine exact age of young individuals? |
The process of ossification occurs more rapidly at earlier ages |
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Sex can be determined in a skeleton through examining the _____ |
Pelvis |
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A bone defect is a... |
Traumatic damage |
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Lesions on the bone are... |
Pathologically produced features |
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Beringia is a connection between _____ and _____ |
Siberia, Alaska |
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Migration occurred across _____ |
Beringia |
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What's some archaeological evidence of people crossing the ice sheets from Siberia to America? |
The clovis tradition |
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The first "real" hominins were the __________ |
Australopithecines |
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The characteristics exhibited by australopithecus are... |
Intermediate between extant apes and modern humans |
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Australopithecus ______ is the most commonly found australopithecine |
Afarensis |
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Australopithecus _____ was recently discovered by a nine year old who turned over a stone |
Sediba |
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Australopithecus Sediba exhibits features that are... |
Transitional between earlier australopithecines and future hominins |
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Homo habilis translates to ________ |
Handyman |
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Homo habilis utilized _____ tools |
Pebble |
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Homo habilis has a _____ brain than Afarensis |
Larger |
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There is debate over which two species being the earliest direct ancestor to humans? |
H. Habilis and H. Rudolfensis |
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Homo erectus used.... |
Fire, relatively sophisticated stone tools |
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The 3 upper paleolithic tool traditions are.... |
Aurignacian, Solutrean, Magdalenian |
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The aurignacian tool tradition was.... |
Used by Homo sapiens Characterized by the standardization of tools Blades rather than flakes |
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The Solutrean tool tradition... |
Used a new process: pressure flaking Characterized by beautiful symmetrical bifacial tools |
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The Magdalenian tool tradition... |
Was one of the final tool traditions before tool production changed to use of metals rather than stone Characterized by microliths Domestication began |
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A denticulated microlith is... |
A tiny flake tool set with small notches |
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In the oldowan tool tradition, manuports are... |
Pieces of rocks that are transported but not modified |
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Platyrrhini is an infraorder of the ________ suborder |
Haplorhini |
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Tarsiiformes are an infraorder of the ________ suborder |
Haplorhini |
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The sole infraorder of the strepsirhini suborder is ______ |
Lemuriformes (contains lemurs and lorises) |
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The varying body mass of humans exemplifies _______ variation |
Continuous |
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________ is the process by which info from mRNA is used to construct protein |
Translation |
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what are the 2 types of cave and rock art in prehistory |
pictographs (painted) and petroglyphs (carved) |
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requirements for radiocarbon dating include...
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know the original amount of isotope & amount remaining at present know rate of radioactive decay |
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radiocarbon dating can't date past _____ years |
50,000
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the ______ is the original exterior of a stone core |
Cortex |
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The oldowan and acheulean tool traditions belong to the ____ ______ era
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lower Paleolithic |
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A denticulated edge is _____ |
serrated (has many shallow indentations) |
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______ tools are tools made from more than one piece (ex: stone tool with handle)
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Composite |
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the 2 routes from Beringia to rest of America were.... |
ice free corridor or coastal route |
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two sites that predate the Clovis tradition are...
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Monte Verde and Paisley Cave |
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_____-_____ _____ have a greater reliance on multiple food sources |
broad-spectrum collectors |
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the most important plants to human diet are... |
seed and root crops |
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the stages of domestication are... |
- unintentional tending - later intentional cultivation - eventual domestication |
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members of the same species are _____ |
conspecific
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_______ is the classifications of organisms based on their overall phenotypic similarities, regardless of their evolutionary relationships |
phenetics |
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a homoplastic character is... |
a feature in two or more taxa whose similarity is not due to common descent |
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evolutionary synthesis is... |
a modern theory of evolutionary processes, emphasizes the combined action of the 4 mechanisms of change (random mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow) |
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the Biological Species Concept |
species potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other groups; implies that increase in species diversity can occur within group if isolated from each other
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Phylogenetic Species Concept
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species is smallest aggregation of sexual populations diagnosable by a unique combination of characteristics; includes cladistics and phenetics
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chromosomes not involved in determining an organism's sex are _______ |
autosomes |
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The process by which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic materials during gamete formation is _________ |
recombination |
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A nucleotide is.. |
a building block of DNA, consisting of a base, sugar, and phosphate group |
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the _______ is internal fluid, dissolved materials, and cellular organelles in a cell, minus the nucleus. Also the primary site for chemical activity in the cell |
cytoplasm
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primary function of ___ in a cell is the step between DNA and protein synthesis |
RNA |
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_____ _____ refers to random changes in the gene pool overtime |
genetic drift |
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___ ____ refers to the movement of individuals and therefore genes between populations |
gene flow |
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The founder effect is.... |
when a new subpopulation is composed of only a few individuals from the original population |
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_____ _________ are drastic reduction in population size for at least one generation which results in reduced genetic diversity |
Population bottlenecks |
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____-_____ ______ informed modern biogeography & recanted his work because of the Catholic church |
Georges-Louis Leclerc |
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_______ created binomial nomenclature; did not believe in evolution |
Linnaeus |
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____-_______ ______ opposed fixity of species and catastrophism, worked on inheritance of acquired characteristics |
Jeane-Baptiste Lamarck |
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the three postulates of Darwinian Evolution are.. |
1. struggle for existence 2. variation in fitness 3. inheritance of variation |
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Mendel's three conclusions were...
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1. physical traits pass generations by "units" or "factors"
2. offspring inherits one "factor" from each parent 3. trait may not present in individual, but can still be passed on to the next generation aka dominant vs. recessive traits |
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Laetoli footprints tell us...
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associated with australopithecus afarensis, demonstrates hominins were bipedal
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the lower jaw is the _____ |
Mandible |
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______ is the outer surface of a tooth, the hardest biological substance in the body |
Enamel |
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being _____ is the ability to regulate body temperature by environmental exposure |
ectothermic |
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Turkana Boy was a...
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teen Homo ergaster |
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Homo heidelbergensis
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- compared to H. erectus
- larger brain + body size - fire hardened spear - wooden tool |
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Homo antecessor
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used stone tools, possible first hominin in Europe
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Homo floresiensis |
tiny body and brain, primitive features, located on Flores Island, Indonesia |
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Dr. Svante Paabo
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discovered: H. sapiens and Neanderthals could have mixed genes |
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bioturbation
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activities of plants and animals in the earth, causing disturbance of archaeological materials
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primary attributes of artifacts to classify
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- form (size and basic shape)
- technology (raw material and manufacturing technique) - style (color, texture, decoration) |
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What lived in the Pliocene? |
Fossil Cercopithecinae, Fossil Colobinae |
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Fossil Cercopithecinae |
Pliocene 5 / 10 genera still exist features similar to extant maques & baboons |
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Fossil Colobinae |
Pliocene larger than extant counterparts terrestrial rather than arboreal |
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3 theories on why bipedalism was evolved |
feeding posture, behaviour, thermoregulation |
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the behaviour theory of bipedalism states... |
bipedalism evolved as a result of a sexual division of roles, males needed to be able to carry food to offspring |
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the thermoregulation theory of bipedalism states... |
bipedalism was evolved to improve heat-dissipating abilities, to stay cooler |
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Ororin tugensis, Ardipithecus Ramidus & Ardipithecus kadabba, and Kenyathropus platyops are all _____________ |
transitional hominins |
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the oldest known transitional hominin is _______________ _______ |
Sahelanthropus tchadensis, possibly a common ancestor of hominins and african apes |
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The transitional hominin found in the Middle Awash was _____________ |
Ardipithecus ramidus |
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Australopithecus aethiopicus and boisei are both _____ |
robust |
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In a gracile australopithecines.... |
Thinner bones, crests are absent, mandible is smaller, incisors and canines are larger, premolars and molars are smaller, forehead is steeper |
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In a robust australopithecines....
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Thicker skull bones, crests are present in males, forehead is flatter, mandible is larger, canines are smaller |
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Australopithecus afarensis and africanus are ______ |
Gracile |
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Provenience |
Three dimensional location of an artifact/feature |
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Two or more items occurring together is _________ |
Association |
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Stratigraphy, serration, and geochronology are ______ dating methods |
relative |
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obsidian hydration, dendrochronology, geomagnatism, and radiocarbon are _____ dating methods |
absolute |
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First hominin out of Africa was Homo ______ |
Erectus |
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tool traditions in _____ had no bifaces because of ______ |
Asia, Bamboo |
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Using a prepared core to produce a desired flake is known as the _______ _________ |
Levallois method |
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the migration into the Americas occured around the ______ |
Pleistocene |
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Domestication is defined as...... |
Taming of wild plants/animals involving a physical and or behavioral modification |
