Anthropology Quiz 3 Chapter 8

Front 1

Cuvier

Back 1

fossils are the remains of once-living organisms

Front 2

William Smith

Back 2

Fossils are a fundamental source of information about the past.

Front 3

strata

Back 3

layers of rock, representing various periods of deposition.

Front 4

how are strata positioned?

Back 4

relative to each other

Front 5

The principles of Faunal succession

Back 5

each strata contains unique fossils

Front 6

What does the study of fossils center around?

Back 6

time and environment

Front 7

paleontology

Back 7

the study of fossils

Front 8

fossils

Back 8

the remains of once-living organisms that have been mineralized

Front 9

taphonomy

Back 9

the study of the deposition of plant or animal remains and the environmental conditions affecting their preservation.

Front 10

where are fossils most commonly found?

Back 10

sedimentary rock

Front 11

sedimentary

Back 11

rock formed when the deposition of sediments creates strata

Front 12

What are the 3 eras that evolution is ordered into?

Back 12

paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

Front 13

era

Back 13

major divisions of geologic time that are divided into periods and further subdivided into epochs.

Front 14

paleozoic

Back 14

the first major era of geologic time, 570-230mya, during which fish, reptiles, and insects first appeared.

Front 15

mesozoic

Back 15

the second major era of geologic time, 230-65mya, characterized by the emergence and extinction of dinosaurs

Front 16

cenozoic

Back 16

the era lasting from 65mya to the present, encompassing the radiation and proliferation of mammals

Front 17

epoch

Back 17

division of periods (which are the major division of eras) in geologic time

Front 18

Pangaea

Back 18

a hypothetical landmass in which all the continents were joined; 300-200mya

Front 19

tectonic plates

Back 19

continental plates that move by plate tectonics

Front 20

steno's law of superposition

Back 20

the principles that the stratum or layer, the older the age; the oldest layers are at the bottom and the youngest at the top

Front 21

stratigraphic correlation

Back 21

the process of matching up strata from several sites through the analysis of chemical, physical, and other properties

Front 22

flurine dating

Back 22

a relative (chemical) dating method that compares the accumulation of fluorine in animal and human bones from the same site.

Front 23

chemical dating

Back 23

dating methods that use predictable chemical changes that occur over time

Front 24

James Middleton

Back 24

fluorine dating

Front 25

biostratigraphic dating

Back 25

a relative dating method that uses the associations of fossils in strata to determine each layers' approximate age.

Front 26

index fossils

Back 26

fossils that are from specified time ranges, are found in multiple locations, and can be used to determine the age of associated strata

Front 27

cultural dating

Back 27

relative dating methods that are based on material remains' time span

Front 28

pebble tools

Back 28

the earliest stone tools, in which simple flakes were knocked off to produce an edge used for cutting and scraping

Front 29

dendrochronology

Back 29

a chronometric dating method that uses a tree-ring count to determine numerical age

Front 30

what is dendrochronology affected by

Back 30

climate and amount of precipitation

Front 31

radiocarbon dating

Back 31

the radiometric dating method in which the ratio of 14C to 12C is measured to provide an absolute date for a material younger than 50,000 years.

Front 32

What is radiocarbon dating's other name?

Back 32

carbon 14 method

Front 33

isotopes

Back 33

two or more forms of a chemical element that baby in the number of neutrons in the nucleus and by the atomic mass

Front 34

half life

Back 34

the time it takes for half of the radioisotopes in a substance to decay; used in various radiometric dating methods.

Front 35

What happens to the c14 while you're living and when you die?

Back 35

you collect c14 by eating plants and other animals. When you die the c14 starts decaying.

Front 36

do non-organic materials contain 14C?

Back 36

no

Front 37

igneous

Back 37

rock formed form the crystallization of molten magma, which contains the radioisotope 40K; used in potassium dating

Front 38

radiopotassium dating

Back 38

the radiometric dating method in which the ratio of 40K to 40Ar is measured to provide an absolute date for material older than 200,000 years.

Front 39

fission track dating

Back 39

an absolute dating method, based on the measurement of the number of tracks left by the decay of uranium 238. decay process leaves lines

Front 40

amino acid dating

Back 40

an absolute dating method for organic remains such as bone or shell, in which the amounts of change in the amino acid structure is measured

Front 41

polarized light

Back 41

a ind of light used in amino acid dating because it allows amino acid changes to be observed and measured. L bends left and turns to D which bends right.

Front 42

racemization

Back 42

the chemical reaction resulting in the conversion of L amino acids to D amino acids for amino acid dating

Front 43

what largely determines the amino acid decay?

Back 43

temperature of the environment. Higher temperature means higher decay

Front 44

paleomagnetic dating

Back 44

an absolute dating method based on the reversals of Earth's magnetic field

Front 45

electron spin resonance dating

Back 45

an absolute dating method that uses microwave spectroscopy to measure elections' spins in various materials

Front 46

how does electron spin resonance dating work?

Back 46

the material being tested pulls radioactive isotopes from the surrounding environment.

Front 47

thermoluminescence dating

Back 47

a relative dating method in which the energy trapped in a material is measured when the object is heated.

Front 48

When did our ancestors split from old world monkeys?

Back 48

25 mya

Front 49

When did our ancestors split from lesser apes such as gibbons?

Back 49

18mya

Front 50

when did our ancestors split from orangutans?

Back 50

14mya

Front 51

when did our ancestors split from gorillas?

Back 51

7mya

Front 52

when we split from chimps?

Back 52

6mya

Front 53

foraminifera

Back 53

marine protozoans that have variably shaped shells with small holes.

Front 54

In what climes do foraminifera flourish?

Back 54

colder temperatures

Front 55

C3 plants

Back 55

plants that take in Carbon through 3c photosynthesis, which changes carbon dioxide into a compound having 3 carbon atoms. TEMPERATE REGIONS

Front 56

C4 plants

Back 56

plants that take in carbon through c4 photosynthesis, which changes carbon dioxide into a compound with 4 carbon atoms. WARMER REGIONS WITH LOW HUMIDITY.

Front 57

What kinds of plants does c3 include?

Back 57

trees, bushes, and shrubs associated with a relatively wet, wooded environment.

Front 58

What kinds of plants does c4 include?

Back 58

associated with open grasslands typical of tropical savannas.

Front 59

Cervical Vertebrae

Back 59

7 present, from head to ribs

Front 60

atlas vertebrae

Back 60

directly articulates with the skull allows the yes movement.

Front 61

axis vertebrae

Back 61

articulates with the atlas to make the no movement.

Front 62

When was the first life on Earth?

Back 62

4.6bya

Front 63

Phanerozoic

Back 63

an eon that was 545 myBP thats hallmark was diversity and complexity of organisms.

Front 64

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic

Back 64

eons that encompassed the first 4 billion years and were comprised of single celled organisms

Front 65

What happened at the end of the Cretaceous period?

Back 65

the dinosaurs went extinct and mammals proliferated

Front 66

What happened late triassic and early jurassic periods?

Back 66

first mammals, and dinosaurs ruled

Front 67

What happened Early Triassic?

Back 67

therapsids arose; warm blooded reptiles

Front 68

When did the first primates occur? Period and years ago.

Back 68

Paleocene at 60mya

Front 69

When did anthropoids occur?

Back 69

Oligocene at 30mya

Front 70

When did apes occur?

Back 70

Miocene at 20mya

Front 71

When did Hominins occur?

Back 71

Pilocene at 5mya

Front 72

When was pangaea formed?

Back 72

200mya

Front 73

What are fossils (to evolution)?

Back 73

physical evidence, trace anatomies, and timeline of human evolution

Front 74

Herodotus

Back 74

B.C. scientist who believed fossils were mineralized shells.

Front 75

Cuvier

Back 75

18th century, fossils are the remains of once-living organisms

Front 76

What's the science behind fossilization?

Back 76

Calcium and phospherous are replaced by iron and silica

Front 77

How do fossils form?

Back 77

1. organism dies, 2. soft tissue decays, 3. water rises and sediments bury it, 4. strata accumulate, 5. mineral replacement occurs, 6. geologic activity exposes the fossil.

Front 78

Caves and fossils?

Back 78

predators drop bones in the caves and then sediment accumulates.

Front 79

When was the first evidence of bipedal ancestors found and what was it?

Back 79

3.6mya and laetoli footprints in volcanic ash.

Front 80

What are the limitations of the fossil record?

Back 80

fossilzation events are rare, scavenging and predation, incomplete skeleton, must be discovered, geological destruction, areas not conducive to fossilization.

Front 81

Nicolaus Steno

Back 81

16th century; law of superposition, relative dating, stratigraphic correlation

Front 82

William Smith

Back 82

late 17th century; the principle of faunal succession; fossil specific layers

Front 83

What dating methods work on rocks?

Back 83

Stratigraphic correlation (relative), cultural (relative/absolute), radio-potassium (volcanic rocks; absolute), paleomagnetic (absolute).

Front 84

What dating methods work on bones?

Back 84

Fluorine (relative), radio-carbon (anything organic; absolute), amino acid (absolute)

Front 85

What dating methods work on both rocks and bones?

Back 85

faunal (relative).

Front 86

Why did primates emerge? Hypothesis..

Back 86

Arboreal: life in trees, visual predation: hunting in trees, and angiosperm radiation: fruit eating in the trees.

Front 87

Plesiadapiforms

Back 87

early cenozoic at 60mya; claws, small brain, no bar, no convergent eyes.

Front 88

What's so special about carpolestes?

Back 88

plesiadapiform that has some primate characteristics such as grasping hands and feet and nail on big toe; lived in tropical forests

Front 89

Eocene primates

Back 89

first true primates 34mya to 56mya; adapids and omoyids.

Front 90

Adapids

Back 90

diurnal, larger, dimorphic, vertical incisors, no tooth comb, lemur-like

Front 91

What is the difference between adapids and strepsrrhines?

Back 91

No tooth comb in the adapids

Front 92

Omomyids

Back 92

nocturnal, smaller, short snout, tarsier-like

Front 93

What's the difference between haplorhines and omomyids?

Back 93

There are none.