Anthropology Final Exam

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neolithic:

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"the new stone age"
beginning of domestication

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neolithic revolution:

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plant and animal domestication. shift from foraging to food production. initiates the emergence of large-scale/complex societies. suite of cultural developments.

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domestication:

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evolutionary processes whereby humans modify the genetic makeup of a population of plants or animals over multiple generation

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unconcscious selection:

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unintentional preservation of valued variants and the destrustion of less valued ones

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artifical selection:

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selection carried out by humans to adapt organisms to their own needs

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neotony:

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retention of juvenile characteristics

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mexican trinity:

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corn, beans, squash

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where are the independent centers of domestications?

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near eastern, chinese, sub-sharan africa, mesoameria, southpcentral andes, eastern united states and new guinea

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near eastern:

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barley, emmer, einkorn wheat
sheep, goat, cow, pig

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china:

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rice, millet farming
pig, water buffalo, chickens

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subsharan africa:

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sorghum, african rice, pearl millet
donkey, cat

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mesoamerica:

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cors, beans, squash
dog, turkey

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south central andes:

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potatoes, quinoa, beans
llama, alpaea, guinea pigq

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eastern united states:

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sunflower, chenopod, maygrass, little barley, knotweed, squash
dog

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new guinea:

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banana, taro, sugarcane

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civilization:

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large[scale, complexly organized society

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stratification:

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sharp social divisions based on unequal access to wealth and power

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hydraulic theory:

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an explanation of state formation.
witt fogel

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mesopotamia:

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region between teh tigris and ruphrates rivers.
earlies city states emerged

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cuneiform:

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a form of writing

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ziggurats:

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public architecture

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hieroglyphics:

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form of writing

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quipu:

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used for record keeping (in andean civilization)

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old world civiliations:

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mesopotamia, ancient eqypt, indus valley, ancient chinese, early african

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new world civilization:

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teotihuacan, classic maya, aztec emmpire, andean civilizations, north american

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polymorphic:

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species with alternative forms of particular genes

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polytypic:

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expression of genetic variants in different frequencies in different population of a species

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cline:

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gradual shifts in gene frequencies over space

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adaptation:

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beneficial adjustments to the environment

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acclimatization:

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process of an organism adjusting to changes in its environment

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beregmanns rule:

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large bodies tend to be found in cold areas and small bodies in warm ones

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allens rule:

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relative size of protruding body parts tends to increase in warmedr climates

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discrordance hypothesis:

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modern humans are biologically adapted to paleolithic lifestyles

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genetic adaptations:

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tuberculosis resistance, sickle cell anemia/malaria resistance, lactase deficiency, hypertension

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phenotypic/physical adaptations:

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responses to climate, nutrient imbalance, disease, etc.

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behavioral/cultural adaptations:

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clothing, heated dwelling, technology, food ppreparation techniques

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culture:

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shared set of learned behaviors and ideas characteristic of a particular society or social group

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enculturation:

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process by which a society's culture is transmitted form one generation to the next

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subculture:

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distinctive set of standards and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates

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pluralistic society:

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two or more ethnic groups politically organized into one territorial state while maintaining cultural differences

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superstructure:

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societys shared sense of identity and worldview

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infrastructure:

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economic foundation of a society

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social structure:

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rule-goverened relationships among society memebers

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ethnocentrism:

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tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of ones own culture

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cultural relativism:

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prinicple that an individual humans beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of his or her own culture

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agency:

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actions of individuals in forming and transforming culture

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ethnographic fieldwork:

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participant observation

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universality:

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exists in every culture

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generality:

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exists in some, but not all, societies

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particularity:

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distincitive or unique culture trait

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characteristics of culture:

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learned, shared, symbolic, integrated, adaptive, dynamic

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language:

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system of communication using sound and/or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules

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symbols:

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signs, emmblems and other things that represent something else in a meaningful, but arbitrary, way

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signals:

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have natural or self-evident meaning (ex. coughing, screaming, crying)

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phonology:

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the study of language sounds

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phonemes:

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the smallest class of sounds that make a difference in meaning (diNe and diMe)

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morphology:

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the study of the patterns or rules of words

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moorphemes:

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smallest units of sound that carry meaning

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paralanguage:

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extralinguistic noisess that accompany language and convey meaning

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vocalization:

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identifiable paralinguistic noises

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vocal charactereizers:

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giggling, sighing, yawning, etc.

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vocal qualifiers:

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volume, pitch, tempo, pauses

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vocal segregates:

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"oh-oh" or "uh-uh"

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linguistic divergence:

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development of different languages from a single ancestral language

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sapir-whorf hypothesis:

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different languagaes produce different ways of thinking and behaving

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code-switching:

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changing from one language or dialect to another

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enculturation:

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process by which an established culture teaches an individual by repetititon its expected norms and values

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dependence training:

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fosters compliance and dependence on the domestic group (no talking back, strict, behvae, etc.)

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independence training:

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promotes independence, self reliance and personal achievement

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4 theories attempmting to examine the gender divisions of labor:

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strength theory, compatibility with childcare theory, exonomy of the efforet theory, and expendability thehory

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ethnic psychoses:

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mental disorders specific to particular groups