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137 Cards in this Set
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Feminist Archaeology |
A research approach that explores why women's contributions have been systematically written out of the archaeological record and suggests new approaches to the human past that include such contributions. |
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Nationalist Archaeologies |
The idea to keep the apex of culture and remove the rest unrelated to a regions specific culture. |
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Neolithic Emergence of Complexity |
Unsure where complexity came from, the complexity of human life kind of just happened and spread but may not have been inevitable, ideas point to irrigation or some say population pressures. |
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NAGPRA (1990) |
It is about protecting Native American graves, excavating NA graves without permission from people who descended from them, government does not own NA heritage. |
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Subsistence Looting |
The idea that some people are looting because it is the only way to make money, very poor people who usually do the physical act of looting. |
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Public Archaeology |
Opening up sites to the public to see and even sometimes participate in the process. This is becoming more popular. |
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Habitus |
The unconscious adaptation to society (things we don't even realize we do to conform to the culture around us) could be said we are dictated by this and not realize. |
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Ethnocentrism |
When one considers their own way of life as true and correct way for life and everything else is wrong. |
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Culture |
Sets of learned behaviors and ideas that humans acquire as members of society. Humans use culture to adapt and transform the world in which they live. |
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Cultural Relativism |
Understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living. |
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Cultural Authenticity |
People change and the world adapts so for a culture to remain authentic in a changing world like our own. |
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Ethnographic Fieldwork |
A scholar goes out to a group they wish to study and live with them for months up to years to learn all about the culture. |
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Communication w/o words/Non-Spoken |
This includes writing, Morse code, and sign language. |
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Linguistic Determinism |
The idea that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception. The term implies that people of different languages have different thought processes.
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Metacommunication |
Communication about the process of communication itself. |
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Myth and Society |
This is another form of metacommunication, stories of how parts of the world came to be, allows for people to live with an explanation of things they cannot understand. Those who accept it are given a purpose, metaphors for life. All societies have myths in some form. |
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Art by Appropriation |
The use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them. The use of appropriation has played a significant role in the history of the arts (literary, visual, musical and performing arts). In the visual arts, to appropriate means to properly adopt, borrow, recycle or sample aspects (or the entire form) of human-made visual culture.
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Rite of Passage |
A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation if an individual from one social position to another. |
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Liminality |
The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside of their ordinary social positions. State you enter when you are in between two social statuses. |
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Worldview |
How we view the world, symbols that create meaning, lenses of how we see the world. |
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Shaman v. Priest |
A shaman is a part-time religious practitioner who is believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly on behalf of individuals or groups. A priest is a religious practitioner skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which he or she carries out for the benefit of the group. |
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Ascribed v. Achieved Status |
Biological child is immediately given status whereas a child who is adopted must "achieve" the status. |
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Aspects of Religion |
1.) Prayer 2.) Physiological Exercise 3.) Exhortation 4.) Mana 5.) Taboo 6.) Feasts 7.) Sacrifice |
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Kinship Systems |
Used to understand family and social relationships. |
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Marriage Systems |
Institution that changes social status of people, culturally specific. |
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Post-Marriage Patterns of Residence |
1.) Neolocal 2.) Patrilocal 3.) Matrilocal 4.) Avunculocal |
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Neolocal |
When people get married and do not live with parents but live in their own place (American). |
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Patrilocal |
Lives with or near the husband's father-grandfather. |
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Matrilocal |
Residence where the married couple/family lives near their mother-grandmother. |
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Avunulocal |
Live with your mother's brother after marriage. |
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Gender and Class Inequality |
The idea that men are more powerful and receive more opportunities than woman. The idea that people born of a higher social class have more opportunities than those of a lower social class. |
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Class v. Caste |
Class is defined as a ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria. Caste is defined as a ranked group within hierarchically stratified society that is closed, prohibiting individuals to move from one caste to another. |
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Nation |
A group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language and even physical substance. |
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Nationalism |
A sense of identification with and loyalty to a nation-state. |
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Race |
A human population category whose boundaries allegedly correspond to distinct sets of biological attributes. |
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Racism |
The systematic oppression of one or more socially defined "races" by another socially defined "race" that is justified in terms of the supposedly inherent biological superiority of the rulers and the supposed inherent biological inferiority of those they rule. |
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Medical Pluralism |
The coexistence of ethnomedical systems alongside cosmopolitan medicine. |
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Health |
A state of physical, emotional, and mental well-being, together with an absence of disease or disability that would interfere with such well-being. |
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Globalization |
Reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever-intensifying scale. |
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Cultural Hybridity |
Cultural mixing. |
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Site |
Place where many artifacts (concentrated) in one area that archaeologists are interested in. Precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity. |
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Region |
Many similar artifacts found in many places, site density to see where people were living. |
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Excavation |
The systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them. |
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Primary Context |
The initial deposition, undisturbed before archaeologists find it. |
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Secondary Context |
Those modified in some way before archaeologists get there (more common). |
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Survey |
The physical examination of a geographical region in which promising sites are most likely to be found. |
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Reconnaissance |
Essentially, to look at land by fieldwalking (line of people walk and stare at the ground), remote sensing (satellite imaging), intensive fieldwork (big line of people look statistically). |
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Biological Anthropology |
Concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their related non-human primates and their extinct hominin ancestors.
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Artifacts |
Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near-human activity. |
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Feature |
Nonportable remnants from the past, such as house walls or ditches. |
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Transformation Processes |
Sites not neatly buried in the dire, must go through many lives and must understand all. |
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Cultural vs. Natural Transformation Process |
Cultural is humans modifying and natural is nature and naturally occurring. |
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Boiarchaeology |
The study of bones and other biological materials found in archaeological remains in order to provide information about human life or the environment in the past.
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Stratigraphy |
The branch of geology concerned with the order and relative position of strata and their relationship to the geological time scale.
-The analysis of the order and position of layers of archaeological remains. -The structure of a particular set of strata. |
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Rescue Archaeology |
Investigation of an area that is going to be going under construction to make sure nothing of significance on the land. It usually must be done, CRM (Cultural Resource Management), archaeology for profit not for academia. |
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Band |
The characteristic form of social organization found among foragers. Bands are small, usually no more than 50 people, and labor is divided ordinarily on the basis of age and sex. All adults in band societies have roughly equal access to whatever material or social valuables are locally available, |
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Tribe |
A society that is generally larger than a band, whose members usually a farm or herd for a living. Social relations in a tribe are still relatively egalitarian, although there may be a chief who speaks for the group or organizes certain group activities. |
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Chiefdom |
A form of social organization in which a leader (the chief) and close relatives are set apart from the rest of society and allowed privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige. |
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State |
A stratified society that possesses a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army and from internal disorder with police. A state, which has a separate set of governmental institutions designed to enforce laws and to collect taxes and tribute, is run by an elite that possesses a monopoly on the use of force. |
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Status |
A particular social position in a group. |
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Stratification |
1.) is a system or formation of layers, classes, or categories. 2.) is used to describe a particular way of arranging seeds while planting, as well as the geological layers of rocks. |
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Sedentism |
In cultural anthropology, sedentism simply refers to the practice of living in one place for a long time. The majority of the Western population belong to sedentary cultures.
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UNESCO World Heritage Sites |
A World Heritage Site is a place (such as a building, city, complex, desert, forest, island, lake, monument, or mountain) that is listed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as being of special cultural or physical significance.
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Neolithic Revolution |
The "New Stone Age," which began with the domestication of plants 10,300 years ago. |
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Sodalities |
Special-purpose groupings that may be organized on the basis of age, sex, economic role, and personal interest. |
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Domestication |
Human interference with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people and dependent on them. |
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Museumology |
The science or practice of organizing, arranging, and managing museums.
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Egalitarian social reforms |
Social relations in which no great differences in wealth, power, or prestige divide members from one another. |
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Cultural Horizon |
Perceived when cultures come into existence in archaeology which is extremely complicated. |
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Enculturaltion |
The process by which human beings living with one another must learn to come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling that are considered appropriate in their respective cultures. |
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Cultural Institutions |
An academic approach "which investigates activities in the cultural sector, conceived as historically evolved societal forms of organizing the conception, production, distribution, propagation, interpretation, reception, conservation and maintenance of specific cultural goods."
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Surplus production |
The production of amounts of food that exceed the basic subsistence needs of the population. |
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Cultural Dualism |
A puzzle piece that builds up to genocide, idea of assimilation (making one culture turn to another culture) but that is the "nicer" side of it. |
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Human Agency |
The exercise of at least some control over their lives by human beings. |
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Culture Shock |
The feeling of panic when entering a very different culture and not being able to understand it. |
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Language |
The system of arbitrary symbols people use to encode their experience of the world and of others. |
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Pragmatics |
The study of language in the context of its use. |
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Ethnopragmatics |
The study of language use that relies on ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech is both constituted by and constitutive of social interactions. |
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Language Death |
By globalization, the internet, modernization of the area, and bigger languages pushing the smaller ones out. |
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Syntax |
The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
-a set of rules for or an analysis of this -the branch of linguistics that deals with this |
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Semantics |
The branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning.
-the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text |
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Language Ideology |
A marker of struggles between social groups with different interests, revealed in what people say and how they say it. |
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Play |
We play by framing the context, play is made to be real life situations like life or death but it is made into play. |
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Framing |
A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as "play" or "ordinary life." |
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Orthodoxy |
"Correct doctrine"; the prohibition of deviation from approved mythic texts. |
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Rituals |
A repetitive social practice of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects. |
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Art and Aesthetic Response |
Play in the sense that something ends up looking good and sometimes bad to create emotion. |
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Origin Myths |
A myth that purports to describe the origin of some feature of the natural or social world. One type of origin myth is the cosmogonic myth, which describes the creation of the world. |
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Orthopraxy |
"Correct practice"; the prohibition from approved forms of ritual behavior. |
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Witchcraft |
The performance of evil by human beings believed to possess an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not it is intentional or self-aware. |
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Syncretism |
The synthesis of old religious practices (or an old way of life) with new religious practices (for a new way of life) introduced from outside, often by force. |
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Nativism |
A return to the old ways; a movement whose members expect a messiah or prophet who will bring back a lost golden age of peace, prosperity, and harmony. |
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Symbols |
Complex things that represent something based on ones worldview |
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Semiotics |
The study of symbols themselves and what they mean. |
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Elaborating Symbols |
Using the idea of something (ex: bull) to be a metaphor for life (ex: take the bull by the horns) |
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Feast |
In many religions used to gather people, examples being Easter or Christmas dinner |
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Sacrifice |
Giving something of value to force you to worship. Examples being lent, and more controversial is animal or human sacrifice |
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Unilineal Descent |
Lineage comes from mother or from father, not both |
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Bilineal Descent |
Associating lineage with the mother and the father, both equal in creation or us, not obvious in all cultures. |
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Patrilineage |
Basing ones lineage on father-child link |
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Matrilineage |
Basing ones lineage on mother-child link |
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Endogamy vs. Exogamy |
-Marriage within same social group, also stay within own culture -Marrying outside of culture |
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Monogamy vs. Polygamy |
Marriage with 1 spouse
Marriage with more than 1 spouse |
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Polygany |
When a man can marry more than 1 wife at a time. |
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Polyandry |
When a woman can marry more than 1 man at time |
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Affinity |
Connection through marriage |
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Bridewealth |
When a woman marries a man, the family of the bride is compensated to some extent, it is not always money, symbolic way to pay for loss of woman's labor |
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Conjugal Family |
Based on marriage, mother/father/kids (traditional) |
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Nonconjugal Family |
Mother/children, father could be present or not at all |
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Extended Family |
Pattern made up with 3 generations living with each other (most basic) |
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Joint Family |
Brothers/wives or sisters/husbands living together (common in India) |
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Divorce Family |
Western society this legal (not legal everywhere), takes on many forms in different societies |
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Blended Family |
Step-father/mother, step siblings |
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Family by Choice |
People who are apart of a family who have been rejected or disowned (gay and lesbian), idea can expel people from family or bring someone in. |
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Heterosexual Practices |
Manifests differently in every culture |
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Homosexual/Bisexual Practices |
How it is viewed varies from culture to culture |
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Colorism |
Associations with skin color, but not apart of 1 big group but on continual color spectrum |
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Ethnicity and Ethnic Groups |
Not biological, exists when inequalities occur, how dress, act, also culturally constructed, but more of a subconscious identity |
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Transformist Hegemony |
National program/group that includes cultural features of a sub-group to ensure the sub-groups loyalty |
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Naturalizing Discourse |
The way it is was and how it should be, should be maintained |
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Medical Anthropology |
Form of applied anthropology, more related to health than death |
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Biomedicine |
Western form, based on biological science, western understanding of health |
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Disease |
form of biological impairment, virus/ailment looked at from biomedical stance |
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Suffering |
Almost both disease and sickness, may or may not be definable by biomedical |
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Sickness |
Physical/mental/emotional distress recognized by cultural community itself |
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Culture-bound Syndrome |
A good example could be ADHD that effects parts of the world but doesn't diagnose it |
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Syndemic |
Combination of different factors along with disease. Example- homeless/substance abuse/sex work/HIV |
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Cosmopolitan System |
Non-western cultures adopting western biomedicine |
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Ethnomedical System |
Alternative medical systems |
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Embodied Inequality |
Physical toll that inequality takes on the body |
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Biosociality |
The creation of groups or social identity on a medical diagnosis, like support groups |
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Diaspora |
Migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world; a form of transborder identity that does not focus on nation building |
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Cultural Imperialism |
Some cultures dominate others, replacing the "inferior" culture with dominate, "superior" culture, seems to be supporting subordinate culture but dominating culture, over time, inserts itself |
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Cosmopolitanism |
Being at ease in more than one cultural setting |
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Transborder Citizenry |
A group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in their homeland plus the people who have emigrated from the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship |
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Transborder State |
A form of state in which it is claimed that those people who left the country and their descendants remain part of their ancestral state, even if they are citizens of another state |
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Postnational Ethos |
An attitude toward the world in which people submit to the governmentality of the capitalist market while trying to evade the governmentality of nation-states |
