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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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kinship
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-who is your family/kin
-biological v. kin -marriage |
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consanguinuity
affinity |
blood
marriage |
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unilineal (matri/patrilineal)
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rights and obligations are gained thru whatever side
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bilateral
decscent group |
-temporary
-claiming common ancestry |
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lineal v. archal
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kin v. system of society
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cross
parallel |
-mom/boy
-mom/girl (same gender) |
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matri-uxorilocal
patri-virilocal natolocal neolocal |
-women stay
-men stay -both stay where they were born -both move to a new house |
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moiety
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2 groups
-other group is not your kin |
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All our Kin
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-culture that keeps urban af am poor
-kin networks -households v. residence patterns -reciprocity v. poverty -not their fault, want to change, but do not try to get out -part of the culture - structures*** to keep them poor -the culture would fall w.o them |
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power
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ability to impose your will on others
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political organization
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the way power is accumulated, arranged, executed, structurally distributed and embedded in society
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bands
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-small, not really organized
-kin ordered, common territory -foragers/migrants -getting along/conflict resolution, consensus -leader/peacemaker |
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tribes
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-politically integrated kin ordered groups
-commonalities (ancestry/identity/culture/language) -informal -temporary -elders/big man |
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chiefdoms
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-regional polity
-2+ groups under a chief -hereditary, hierarchal |
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state
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-institution
-manages/defends a complex, socially stratified society -specific territory |
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nation v. state
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united people under a culture/commonalities v. a system that manages this
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politics and
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-gender:
*Iriquois (women vote men into office) *Nigeria (sep pol. groups for each gender) -religion -social control (laws) |
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ritual and symbolic classification
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-pollution: defiling/taunting
-making order out of chaos: rituals/meaning -Gennep: rites of passage (separation, transition, incorporation) -Isoma: fertility (secluded, put back into society) |
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multivocal/polysemous
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many meanings/uses/opposites
-red: fertility, kin, power, blood |
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exegetical
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what does it mean to the people?
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operational
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what is the action of the symbol?
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positional
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relationship of symbols to other symbols
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witchcraft
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-Azande
-explanations, luck, blame -rituals/ceremony -witches (psychic) and sorcerers (rites w/ medicine) -opp sex of parent is cursed, bastards |
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FTF
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-China:
student organizations, formal, structured, honorifics/hierarchy -Peru: land for the people, community observation/participation: political -Guinea-Bissau: ceremony, rice, language, customs -Morocco: crossroads, spectacle of fearsome acts Islam practices in combo with modern times, hypocrisy |
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humans are
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-cultural
-meaning makers -rational -emotional -ceremonial: daily |
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revisions to convention
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-depth does not always = elaboration (focus on force/intensity/emotion)
-ritual does not always show deep wisdom -importance of position (ethn/native) -culture as a garage sale not a museum (flows/connects) |
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sensibility
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-listen carefully
-observe mindfully -understand empathetically |
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basics
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-why do we do what we do?
-ethnography: learn about a culture thru immersive fieldwork -four fields: archaeology, cultural, linguistic, biological/physical |
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culture
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-key word
-essence of a people: unites and defines -defines/separates equally: contrast |
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culture shift
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-German romanticism: all cultures are equal
-complex whole -differences are important: why are there dif. practices? -oddities |
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Malinowski
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-father of British anth.
-Trobriand islands, kula -immersion, scientific aims, collect/analyze data -functionalism: survival |
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body of anth.
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skeleton: framework, basics, data, observation
flesh/blood: real life, long term fieldwork spirit: native's perspective, real life immersion |
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explicit v. tacit
emic v. etic |
not stated
meaningful connections |
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Boas
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-eskimo, language, words
-father of Am anth -challenges unilineal idea: must go through stages to reach advancement challenges with: pluralism: all culture is valid wherever it is at that time, all equal -perspective, interpretation, empiricism |
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language
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-phoenemic/etic: understand culture thru lang.
-no alternating sounds, only perceptions: all equal -grammar categories -vocab/syntax -metaphor |
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grammatical categories
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-shows what is important, how they experience the world
-more than 1 meaning -50 words for snow: important -syntax: shows what is emphasized: the subject/object/action |
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sapire-wharf hypothesis
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language reflects how a people experience the world
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metaphor/NA (Basso)
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-give the land meaning
-relationship to the land -stories, legends, myths -treating the land as people/spirits |
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Bali
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-art, performance
-perfection -water temples |
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the body
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-Mauss: taught techniques, unspoken habits, the body is an instrument, no "natural" way
-Martin: egg/sperm, gender stereotypes, culture seeps into science |
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stages of production/consumption
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-food collectors: migration
-Neo. Rev.: agriculture, sedentism, surplus, hierarchy -Indu. Rev: mechanization, urbanization -Green rev: help starvation, many bad effects, inequality |
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economic system
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organized arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods
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econ. anth.
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cultural definitions of wants/needs: motivations
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Mauss
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-extreme gift exchange
-no free gifts: debt -reciprocity -not a gift: doesn't help social ties |
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Polynesia
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tonga = immovable property
oloa = movable mana = magical force in an object hau = spirit |
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gift
commodity |
ownership is NOT transferred
ownership IS transferred -dont reject, guilt, tied, debt |
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total social fact
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-judicial
-religious -social -economic -aestethic -etc. |
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interpretation of culture
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-anth goal: ordering man's complexity
-basics, all alike, but different thru culture -culture is an ingredient of ev. production |
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Introduction: Malinowski
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-Trobriand Islands, kula, Melanesia
-immersion, scientific aims, collecting evidence -significance of practices -native's POV |
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Boas: Eskimos
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-people and physical environment
-legends -vocabulary |
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Supping with Savages
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-Lauje: poverty as a virtue, humbleness, sharing, gifts, gender roles
-Manjaco: right to take, ceremonies, selfish, less pleasant |
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Boas Language Ideas
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-phoentic apperception: contrasts you cant hear
-differential threshold: differentiating sounds, the smallest dif. you can hear -gramm. categories: language reflects the culture |
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Nuer People
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-cattle: currency, tell time
-cycles of time: season of tot(rain) and mai(dry) -rwil (plant), tot (rain), jiom (harvest), mai (dry) -pace of time varies -no word equivalent to time -year: smallest unit of time -kin and distance |
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body techniques
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-habits, learned ways, imitation
-principles: gender, age, training, teaching -stages: birth, infancy, adoloscence, adulthood -movements and activities, body care, comsumption, reproduction, abnormal |
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Haviland: social identity, personality, and gender
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-enculturation: passed down/learned
-tabula rasa -self awareness -names -orientation: object (physical), temporal (time), spatial (moving objects), normative (values/morals) |
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personality
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-distinctive aspects
-persona = mask -development |
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individualism (America)
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-"ritualized behavior" - not genuine
-selfish, private, independent, secretive -material wealth -superachievers |
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personhood
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-what is a person?
-when do you start/stop? -persona = mask, something on top of you, canvas/paint -really fits - cant tell youre wearing it |
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types of personhoods
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-Hindu: group, reincarnation, castes, fate/destiny
-African: ancestral spirits, kin, partial person, process, material and spiritual blend -Melanesian: gradually gained thru culture, debts must be paid -Ojibwa: everything is a person and exert power/influence, ancestors/spirits -Buddhist: let go of self, enlightenment: nirvana, reincarnation -Western: egocentric, self, logic/reason, I think therefore I am, individualism |
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Jamaica and fat
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-social ties - visual representation
-plump with vital fluids, maintaing a flow of substances -value large size -food: fill you up, blood: most meaningful -belly: most important part -sharing, ripeness/juices, happiness, vitality, sweet -cleansing the body -dry = bad, juicy/moist = good |
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anorexia
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-obsession with image
-control -culture influence -cease to experience hunger/desire -conflicts -dualist/controlist axis |
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Gable: sex
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-puberty
-marriage -relationships -Lauje: romantics, little marriage, customs -Manjaco: not romantic, masculinity |
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kinship
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-social network of relatives
-rights/obligations -labor -balance family -manage conflicts |
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clan
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-extended unilineal kinship (mom or dad)
-several lineages claim a common ancestor |
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phratries
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-unilineal descent
-2+ clans (moieties) -share a common ancestor |
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Mother's brother
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-uncle and nephew - priveleges
-patrilineal -must respect aunt -shows complex systems in "primitive groups" |
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nayars and marriage
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-cohabitation, ritual recognition, sexual rights, domestic services
-hierarchy -grand ceremony -grooms preselected by an astrologer -purified in a ritual bath -tali rite - becoming a woman -visiting husbands -women supported by matrilineal lineage -not a whole child unless mother is married |
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standing in a line
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-public shrines: monuments
-who gets to cut the line -privilege/power -equality |
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big man
chief |
-Melanesia, more simple, based on leadership skills, patrilineal, wealth/loans, pigs (/////)
-Polynesia, elaborate/complex, hereditary, power of the group, rank/hierarchy (pyramid shape) |
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Social skin
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-clothing/adornment
-symbolic stage/public presentation -Kayapo: beads, lip plugs, body paint (red and black), as fully covered in a fabric of cultural meaning -cut hair during new stage: transitions -black: trunk, red: limbs -clean yourself daily: anti social if dirty -Kayapo resistance to amazon dam |
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religion as a cultural system
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-religion is a system of symbols made to look real/signifcant in order to have power over people
-motives -dependence on symbols/meanings |
