Anthropology Exam

Front 1

Treaty Essay outline

Back 1

1. 1763 Royal Proclamation
2. Canadian state + Treaty
3. Indigenous people + Treaty
4. Unjust relationships

Front 2

Treaty Introduction

Back 2

-Formal relationship, least well understood
-"Taking Treaty from the Crown"
-To understand Treaty, one must go to the beginning

Front 3

Royal Proclamation Year

Back 3

1763

Front 4

P1: Royal Proclamation points

Back 4

-Peace Treaty
-End of war between British, French and their indigenous allies
-Indigenous people as nations, settlement prohibited beyond Appalachian mountains
-Unpopular among 13 colonies (U.S.)

Front 5

P2: Canadian State + Treaty

Back 5

-Extinguishment- sold their land
-2 strategies of state
-New relationship not found on justice

Front 6

Canadian State on Extinguishment

Back 6

The original occupants must agree to the extinguishment of their rights prior to any other negotiations taking place.

Front 7

Venne- 2 strategies of the State of accomplishing extinguishment

Back 7

1. Surrender of land title in exchange for some defined rights to govern themselves
2. Demand extinguishment of title in exchange for allowing small pockets of the original land base to remain under control of the original inhabitants.

Front 8

P3: Northern Indigenous People + Treaty

Back 8

-Formalized, peaceful, ongoing relationship
-Never gave up governance or jurisdiction
--> Venne
-Written versions fundamentally different to oral version, clear at the time but reinterpreted later
--> Asch

Front 9

Venne -'Treaties made in good faith'

Back 9

-Cree oral understanding of Treaty 6
-Peace and friendship agreement
-Analyzes treaty-rights on non-indigenous people
-Canada has no legal right to change or get rid of treaties without consent
-Nation-to-nation status- right to self-determination

Front 10

Venne's conclusion

Back 10

Indigenous people have found that there is no process in Canada to deal with the treaties because the State of Canada has no will to honor them.

Front 11

Asch- 'On the Land Cessation Provisions in Treat 11'

Back 11

-Disjunction between written and oral version of Treaty 11
-The Crown was represented by Commissioner Henry Conroy
-Conroy made promises which were not written in the Treaty- fraudulant

Front 12

Conroy's Promises

Back 12

1. No settlement would take place without their consent
2. They could continue to live on their lands as they always have.

Front 13

Asch's conclusion

Back 13

When contextual evidence is taken into account it is clear that the Dene did not cede or surrender their lands.

Front 14

P4: Unjust relationships

Back 14

-Importance of Treaty
--> Samson
-Cost of unjust relationship
--> Asch and Zlotkin

Front 15

Samson- Cultural continuity and physical survival of Innu depends on 2 things:

Back 15

1. Innu access to educational and employment opportunities and levels of power.
2. The abilities of Innu to prevent developers and the state from appropriating more of their lands.

Front 16

Asch and Zlotkin- cost of unjust relationship to indigenous people

Back 16

1. Loss of control or a say
2. Social problems such as alcoholism and suicide

Front 17

Asch and Zlotkin- cost of unjust relationship to settlers

Back 17

1. Unstable relationship
2. Criticism and judgement from international community
3. Negative social effects are incredibly costly in terms of social programs
4. Forces governments to maintain an ethnocentric bias, locked in 19th C. mindset - Divisive and leads to no good to anybody

Front 18

Asch and Zlotkin's conclusion

Back 18

The focus of negotiations should be on reconciliation based on affirmation of aboriginal title and rights, according to the principle of equitable sharing of ownership and jurisdiction.

Front 19

Domestication Essay outline

Back 19

1. 'Wild and 'Tame'- Western vs. indigenous
2. Agency and sentience of the environment
3. Reciprocity

Front 20

Domestication introduction

Back 20

-Why Arctic has been ignored/understated
-Classical models of domestication and reciprocity
-Potential to contribute to basic anthropological concepts

Front 21

P1: 'Wild and 'Tame'- western vs. indigenous

Back 21

1. Western
-Archaeology- tools + methods of domestication
-How to turn 'wild' into 'tame'
--> Fox-farm experiment
2. Indigenous
-Animals that are not quite tame
-denigrated as not cultured enough
-->Hallowell
--> Evenki dogs

Front 22

Fox-Farm experiment

Back 22

-Caricature of domestication studies
-One of the most widely cited studies in archaeology
-Soviet man created a tame fox after over 60 generations of selective breeding
-Model of tameness is that of a puppy-like animal with no autonomy
-Animals as 'helpless', needing protection.

Front 23

Hallowell- 'Ojibway Ontology and worldview'

Back 23

-Main breakthrough it trying to understand arctic societies from their own point of view
-attempt to replace classical notion of 'spirit'
-people interact with environment as if other aspects were non-human persons with agency
-dealing with your environment is like having a conversation

Front 24

Hallowell conclusion

Back 24

Arctic life isn't all about finding the next meal, it is about a very delicate diplomacy with the living, thinking entities of the environment.

Front 25

Evenki Dogs

Back 25

-Perform a number of different functions: defensive, herding reindeer, hunting, feed themselves.
-each dog must understand all of these functions and contexts
-Tame or wild?

Front 26

P2: Agency and sentience of Environment

Back 26

-different ways in representing animal behaviour and action
--> Fienup-Riordan
--> Stepanoff

Front 27

Fienup-Riordan- 'Clearing the Path'

Back 27

-Yup'ik worldview and human-animal relations
-Dynamic boundaries between human and animal worlds
-Importance of boundaries
-Yup'ik create divisions between living/dead, nature/culture, but these arent fixed.

Front 28

Fienup-Riordan Dynamic boundaries

Back 28

-Story of boy who lived with the seals and girl who returned from the dead
-Both recount physical journeys along paths between worlds resulting in special knowledge
-In order to maintain harmonious relationship between worlds, animals and humans must respect ice-holes, entrances and passage-ways.

Front 29

Stepanoff- 'Human-animal 'joint-commitment''

Back 29

-People have to interpret intention of the reindeer and alter their own goals to match the reindeer
-The existence of a sustainable reindeer herding system is dependent on cooperation of reindeer themselves

Front 30

'Joint commitment'

Back 30

how people live together with reindeer and negotiate a collaboration with them.

Front 31

The paradox of reindeer herding

Back 31

compared to other domesticated species, humans can domesticate reindeer only if they keep them (in the) wild.

Front 32

Stepanoff- hunters ensure the integration of reindeer in the nomadic community through 3 central means

Back 32

1. Cultivating attractiveness for the reindeer which draws them back to the camp
2, Using cognitive skills of the reindeer
3. Favoring hierarchy in the herd.

Front 33

1. Cultivating attractiveness for the reindeer which draws them back to the camp

Back 33

1. Create smoke to drive off insects that harass the reindeer.
2. Distribute salt to reindeer
3. Urinating near the house- contains salt.

Front 34

2, Using cognitive skills of the reindeer

Back 34

Memorization of routes:
-Trick reindeer into thinking it is their idea
-Herder will take the reindeer on the same trail year after year until the reindeer develop their own migratory urge to follow it

Front 35

3. Favoring hierarchy in the herd.

Back 35

Herders select leaders which show favorable characteristics. 'Bad' leaders, who e.g. run away from humans, are slaughtered.

Front 36

P3: Reciprocity

Back 36

-Animal participates in reproduction of reality
-Idea of gifting
-Debate surrounding gifting- reciprocity has a dark side and the gift always carries an obligation.

Front 37

Willerslev - 'When Good Luck is Bad Fortune'

Back 37

-Yukaghirs and Telengits
-No fixed identities- humans can transform into animals and vice-versa
-Shadow side to animal souls, regulated by often greedy, non-visible entities
-If too many animals are offered to a hunter, often a trap.
-There is an exchange of souls to maintain balance.

Front 38

Willerslev conclusion

Back 38

We have to go beyond this altruistic, generalized reciprocity and look at how exchange relationships can be parts of very complex cosmological contexts.

Front 39

Gender and the hunt Essay outline

Back 39

1. Western divisions
2. Inuit perspective, animal sentience
3. Women as hunters

Front 40

Gender and the hunt Introduction

Back 40

-Inuit in hunter-gatherer models
-Debates on hunting and male dominance
-How to understand hunting

Front 41

P1: Western divisions

Back 41

-Tim Ingold: physical world 'out there', outside of ourselves
-Western thought based on separation, division between animals/humanity, subject/object, persons/things, reason/instinct.
-Uniqueness of human species, transcend natural world
-Two views of the environment

Front 42

Two views of the Environment (Ingold)

Back 42

1. Constructionist View
2. Engagement View

Front 43

Constructionist View of the Environment

Back 43

The external world is to be acted upon, an objective, physical framework that can be grasped conceptually and appropriated symbolically.

Front 44

Engagement View of the Environment

Back 44

Human beings are immersed in nature from the start like all other creatures and in active practical and perceptual engagement with their dwelt world.

Front 45

P2: Inuit perspective, Animal Sentience

Back 45

-Animals as persons
-Relationship of trust
-Animals give themselves to humans if treated with respect
-Hunters must be sure an animal wants to be taken
--> Dear + Caribou recognition
-Anatomical locus of personhood 'hua' in bladder, rebirth
-Proper behaviour
-Hunting a sacred act
-gendered division of labor
-broader definition of hunting
--> Bodenhorn

Front 46

Proper behaviour includes

Back 46

-no boasting
-cleaning of the kills site and removing all blood
-speaking very little
-not showing emotions
-not acting proud
-thinking good thoughts

Front 47

Inupiaq hunting definition

Back 47

defined to include attracting, killing, butchering, transforming the animal into food and clothing (which attracts), and following proper rituals.

Front 48

P3: Women as Hunters

Back 48

-How can women become hunters?
-Skin processing
-Inupiaq women key to successful hunting
--> Bodenhorn

Front 49

How can women be hunters?

Back 49

1. Skill
2. Name
3. Other aspects of hunting

Front 50

1. Skill

Back 50

Inuit society is flexible, if a woman is particularly skilled she will be taken out hunting.

Front 51

2. Name

Back 51

Souls are contained in names. Children are named after someone recently deceased, inherit their soul, become that person. Names are not gendered; girls can be raised as boys. Naming can thus determine how you participate in the hunt- if you are named after a great hunter you will be taking out hunting.

Front 52

3. Other aspects of hunting

Back 52

Sharing, skin processing.

Front 53

Skin processing

Back 53

-Ensures the cycle of regeneration
-Hunted animals not said to die, the spirit remains in the garment.
-About a 15 step process to turn raw skin into one you can sew into clothing
-Intimate act
-Great pressure on women not to mess up this process
-Women enable the hunt more directly by sewing skins into caribou garments for hunters
-Symbolic relationship- mimetic quality of garments

Front 54

The ecological Indian debate essay outline

Back 54

1. Krech and the Ecological Indian
2. Feit's response

Front 55

Ecological indian introduction

Back 55

-From Cultural ecology to mode of production
-Human-animal relationships in North
-Hunter-gatherers push back in time- archaeology

Front 56

Cultural ecology model

Back 56

Pervasive idea that we can understand a people just by looking at their ecology

Front 57

P1: Krech and the Ecological indian

Back 57

-Politically neutral and scientific distance
-Ecological Indian a myth
-classification of indigenous people to make them sensible
1. Noble savage
2. Ignoble savage
-Ecological indian link to noble savage, created by media
-Native americans took image to further their own political goals
-Original ecologists?
-consequences of ecological indian image

Front 58

Krech- original Ecologists?

Back 58

-Native americans were never original ecologists
-Under tutelage of Europeans they became ecologists by acculturation

Front 59

Krech's Consequences of the Ecological Indian

Back 59

1. Distorts culture
2. Masks cultural diversity
3. Distorts the relationship between Indians and the environment
4. Dehumanizing

Front 60

P2: Feit's response

Back 60

-Krech not politically neutral
-Various failures in his argument
-Agrees with critique of the Ecological indian image
-Book about assimilation

Front 61

Feit: various failures of Krech's argument

Back 61

1. Failed to Evaluate European conservation systems of beaver
2. Failed to consider Cree as active participants of history
3. Failed to Understand Algonquian religious thought on hunting

Front 62

Feit's conclusion

Back 62

Krech uses his research to make political claims in favor of government authority to control lands and resources and to deny native assertions of their rights