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421 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anthropology
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the study of humankind in all times and places
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holistic perspective
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that various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible view
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ethnocentrism
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the belief that the ways of one's own culture are the only proper ones
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culture-bound
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looking at the world and reality based on the assumptions and values of one's own culture
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applied anthropology
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the use of anthropology knowledge and methods to solve practical problems
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medical anthropology
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combines theoretical and applied anthropology with the study of human health and disease
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physical/biological anthropology
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study of humans as biological organisms
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molecular anthropology
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part of biological anthropology
uses genetic and biochemical techniques to test hypothesis about human evolution |
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paleoanthropology
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the study of human evolution
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biocultural
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focusing on the interaction of biology and culture
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primatology
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the study of living and fossil primates
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forensic anthropology
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subfield of physical anthropology
specialization in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes |
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cultural anthropology
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social or sociocultural anthropology
the study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings |
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culture
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a society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and beliefs
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ethnography
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a detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork
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fieldwork
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on-location research
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participation observation
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the technique of learning a people's culture through social participation and personal observation
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ethnology
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study and analysis of different cultures from a comparative or historical point of view
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linguistic anthropology
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the study of human languages
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discourse
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an extended communication on a particular subject
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archaeology
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the study of human cultures through recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data
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bioarchaeology
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the archaeological study of human remains
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cultural resource management
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a branch of archaeology tied to the government for the protection of cultural resources
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empirical
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based on observations of the world rather than intuition or faith
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hypothesis
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a tentative explanation of the relationships between certain phenomena
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theory
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an explanation of natural phenomena supported by a reliable body of data
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doctrine
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an assertion of opinion or beleif formally handed down by an authority as true or indisputable
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informed consent
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formal recorded agreement to participate in research
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globalization
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worldwide interconnectedness
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primate
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group of mammals including lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans
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mammal
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class of vertebrate animals distinguished by bodies covered with fur, self-regulating temperatures, and, in females, milk-producing mammary glands
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species
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the smallest working units in the system of classification
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genus
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a group of like species
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taxonomy
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science of classification
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analogies
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structures possessed by different organisms that are specifically similar due to function, without sharing a common developmental pathway or structure
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homologies
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structures possessed by two different organisms that arise in a similar fashion and pass through similar stages during embryonic development though they may possess different functions
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notochord
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rodlike structure of cartilage that is replaced by a vertebral column
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natural selection
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the evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some individuals over others to produce the next generation
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gene
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a portion of the DNA molecule containing a sequence of base pairs that is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
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law of segregation
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Mendelian principle that variants of genes for a particular trait retain their separate identities through the generations
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law of independent assortment
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Mendelian principle that genes controlling different traits are inherited independently of one another
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chromosomes
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structures visible during cell division containing long strands of DNA
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RNA
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ribonucleic acid
transcribes and carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes to create proteins |
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transcription
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process of conversion of instructions into proteins
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ribosomes
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structures in cell where translation occurs
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translation
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process of conversion of RNA instructions into proteins
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genetic code
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the sequence of three bases that specifies the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis
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alleles
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alternate forms of a single gene
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enzyme
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protein that initiates and directs chemical reactions
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genome
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the complete structure sequence of DNA for a species
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mitosis
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cell division where the daughter cell is the same as the parent cell
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meiosis
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sex cell division
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homozygous
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a chromosome pair that bears identical allels for a single chene
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heterozygous
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a chromosome pair that bears different alleles for a single gene
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genotype
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alleles posses for a particular gene
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phenotype
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the physical attributes of a single gene
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dominance
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the ability of one allele for a trait to mask the presence of another allele
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recessive
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an allele for a trait whose expression is masked by the presence of a dominant allele
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hemoglobin
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the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells
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polygenetic inheritance
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when two or more genes contribute to the phenotype expression of a single characteristic
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population
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a group of similar individuals that can and do interbreed
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gene pool
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all genetic variants possessed by members of a population
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evolution
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changes in allele frequencies in populations
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Hardy-Weinberg principle
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demonstrates algebraically that the percentages of individuals that are homozygous for the dominant allele should remain constant from one generation to the next
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mutation
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chance alteration of genetic material that produces new variation
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genetic drift
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chance of fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population
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founder effects
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particular form of genetic drift deriving from a small founding population not possessing all the alleles present in the original population
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gene flow
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introduction of alleles from the gene pool of one population into that of another
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adaption
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a series of beneficial adjustments to the environment
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reproductive success
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the relative production of fertile offspring by a genotype
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stabilizing selection
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natural selection acting to promote stability rather than change in a population's gene pool
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sickle-cell anemia
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an inherited form of anemia caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin protein that causes the red blood cells to assume a sickle shape
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nocturnal
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active at night
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arboreal
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living in the trees
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diurnal
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active during the day
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grade
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general level of biological organization seen among a group of species
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clade
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taxonomic grouping that contains a single common ancestor and all of its descendants
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Prosimii
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lemurs
lorises tarsiers |
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Anthropoidea
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New World monkeys
Old World monkeys Apes |
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Strepsirhini
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lemurs
lorises |
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Haplorhini
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tarsiers
monkeys apes humans |
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Patryrrhini
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New World Monkeys
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Catarrhini
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Old world monkeys
apes humans |
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hominoid
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gibbons
siamangs orangutans gorillas chimps bonobos humans |
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hominid
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humans and their African ancestors
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hominin
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humans and our ancestors
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dental formula
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number of each tooth type
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sexual dimporphism
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changes in sexes not for reproduction
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human dental formula
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2-1-2-3
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binocular vision
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vision with increased depth perception
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stereoscopic vision
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3-D vision achieved through eyes connecting to both sides of the brain
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fovea centralis
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shallow pit in retina that enables animals to focus on an object and still see the surroundings
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ecological niche
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a species' way of life considered in the full context of its environment
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cranium
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braincase of skull
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foramen magnum
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large opening in skull for spinal cord
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suspensory hanging apparatus
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allows primates to hang from shoulders
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brachiation
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using arms to move from branch to branch
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prehensile
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ability to grasp
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demographics
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population characteristics
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ischial callosities
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hardened, nerveless butt pads
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community
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unit of primate social organization
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natal group
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community an animal has from birth
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home range
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geographic area that primate usually moves in
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dominance hierarchies
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observed ranking system in primate societies
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grooming
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the ritual cleaning another animal's coat
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estrus
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when a primate female's ovulation is displayed
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affiliative
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tending to promote social cohesion
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altruism
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concern for welfare of others expressed as increased risk undertaken by individual for the good of the group
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tool
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an object used to facilitate some task or activity
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prehistory
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before written record
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artifact
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any object fashioned or altered by humans
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material culture
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the durable aspects of a culture
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ecofact
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natural remains of plants or animals found in archaeological record
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feature
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non-portable element
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fossil
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mineralized trace or impression of an organism
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taphonomy
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the study of how bones and other materials come to be preserved in the earth as fossils
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soil mark
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a stain that shows up on the surface of recently plowed fields that reveals an archaeological site
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middens
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garbage on an archaeological site
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grid system
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a system for recording data in 3-D
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datum point
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starting point for a grid system
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endocast
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cast of the inside of the skull
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polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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technique for amplifying or creating multiple copies of DNA fragments
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relative dating
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dating something in relation to another
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absolute or chronometric dating
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dating something based on years
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stratigraphy
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the most reliable method of dating by means of strata
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fluorine dating
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relative dating based on fact amount of fluorine in bones
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seriation
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relative dating based on putting groups of objects into a sequence in relation to one another
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palynology
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relative dating based on changes in fossil pollen
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radiocarbon
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exact dating based on measuring amount of radioactive carbon left in organic materials
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dendrochronology
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exact dating based on number of rings in a tree trunk
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potassium-argon dating
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exact dating that measures the ratio of radioactive potassium to argon in volcanic debris
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macroevolution
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evolution on the species level
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speciation
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the process of forming new species
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isolating mechanism
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a factor that separates breeding populations and ultimately creating a new species
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cladogenesis
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speciation through a branching mechanism whereby an ancestral population gives rise to two or more descendant populations
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heterochrony
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change in timing of developmental events that is often responsible for changes in the shape or size of a body part
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homeobox gene
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a gene responsible for large-scale effects on growth and development
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punctuated equilibria
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a model for macroevolutionary change that suggests evolution occurs via long periods of stability followedby periods of rapid change
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anagenesis
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sustained directional shift in a population's average characteristics
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derived
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characteristics that define a group of organisms and that did not exist in ancestral populations
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convergent evolution
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a process by which unrelated species evolve to have a similar function
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adaptive radiation
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rapid diversification of an evolving population as it adapts to a variety of available niches
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preadapted
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possessing characteristics that by chance are advantageous
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homeotherm
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an animal that maintains a relatively constant body temperature
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isotherm
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an animal whose body temperature rises or falls according to the temperature of the surrounding environment
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k-selected
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few offspring
long life |
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r-selected
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many offspring
short life |
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arboreal hypothesis
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a theory of primate evolution that proposes that life in the trees was responsible for enhance vision and dexterity in primates
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visual predation hypothesis
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a theory of primate evolution that proposes that hunting behavior in tree-dwelling primates was responsible for enhance visual acuity and manual dexterity
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molecular clock
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a map of species
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abduction
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movement away from the midline on a body part
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adduction
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movement toward the midline on a body part
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Ardipithecus ramidus
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one of the earliest bipeds that lived in the forest in eastern Africa 4.4 mya
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Australopithecus
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genus including several species of early bipeds of East, South, and Central Africa living between 1.1 and 4.3 mya
ancestor to humans |
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diastema
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a space between the canines and other teeth allowing the large projecting canines to fit within the jaw
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Kenyanthropus platyops
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proposed genus and species of biped contemporary with early authropithecines (may not be a separate genus)
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gracile australopthecines
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meat eaters
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robus australopthecines
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2.5 to 1.1 mya in eastern and southern Africa
large chewing apparatus green eaters |
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sagittal crest
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crest on top of skull to allow for chewing muscles
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law of competitive exclusion
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if two species are competing for a resource, one will out compete the other
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Homo
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genus of bipeds
2.5 mya |
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Oldowan tool tradition
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first stone tool industry
2.5-2.6 mya |
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percussion method
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a technique of stone tool manufacture performed by striking the raw material with a hammer stone to remove flakes
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Lower Paleolithic
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first part of Old Stone Age beginning with Oldowan tools spanning 200,000 - 2.6 million ya
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Homo habilis
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"handy man" first fossil members of Homo 2.5 mya
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tertiary scavenger
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3rd animal group to eat
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Acheulean tradition
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tool making tradition of Homo erectus in Africa, Europe and SW Asia in which axes were developed
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hypoglossal canal
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opening in skull that accomodates the tongue-controlling hypoglossal nerve
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archaic Homo sapiens
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a loosely defined group within the genus Homo
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Levalloisian technique
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tool-making technique by which 3 or 4 long triangular flakes were detached from a specially prepared core
developed by members of transitional H. erectus to H. sapiens |
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Neandertals
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distinct group within the genus Homo inhabiting Europe and SW Europe approximately 30k-125k ya
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Mousterian tradition
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tool industry of Neandertals in Europe, SW Asia, and N Africa
40k-125k ya |
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Cro-Magnon
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European of Upper Paleolithic after 36k ya
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multi-regional hypothesis
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hypothesis that modern humans original through a process of simultaneous evolution everywhere
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"eve" hypothesis
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hypothesis that humans evolved in Africa and moved out
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blade technique
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stone tool making in which long, parallel-sided flakes are struck off the edges of a specially prepared core
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pressure flaking
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stone tool making in which a bone, antler, or wooden tool is used to press small flakes off a flint
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burin
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stone tool wit chisel like edges used for working bone and antler
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entoptic phenomena
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bright pulsating forms that are generated by the central nervous system and seen in states of trance
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Sahul
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greater Australian landmasses
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Sunda
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combined landmass of contemporary islands
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Paleoindians
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earliest inhabitants of North America
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cognitive capacity
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a broad concept including intelligence, educability, concept formation, self-awareness, self-evaluation, attention span, sensitivity in discrimination, and creativity
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Neolithic
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new stone age
beginning 10k ya |
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Mesolithic
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middle stone age
archaic cultures |
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Archaic cultures
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Mesolithic era in Americas
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microlith
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small blade of flint which were hafted together in handles
Mesolithic |
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Natufian culture
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Israel, Lebanon, W Syra
10.2k - 12.5k ya |
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Neolithic revolution
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10k ya
domestication of animals and plants and settlement in permanent villages |
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innovation
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any new idea method or device that gains widespread acceptance
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primary innovation
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the creation, invention, or discovery by chance of completely new idea, method, or device
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secondary innovation
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the deliberate application or modification of any existing idea, method, or device
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domestication
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an evolutionary process whereby humans modify the genetic makeup of a population of plants or animals
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vegeculture
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the cultivation of domesticated root crops such as yams
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horticulture
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cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes
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Mesoamerica
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the region encompassing central and southern Mexico and northern Central America
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civilization
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a society marked by the presence of cities, social classes, and the state
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Bronze Age
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period of production of tools and ornaments of bronze
5k ya in China and SW Asia 5.5kya in SE Asia |
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grave goods
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items symbolically placed in the grave for the deceased person's use in the afterlife
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hydraulic theory
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the theory that explains civilization's emergence as the result of the construction of eleborate irrigation systems
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action theory
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the theory that self-serving actions by forceful leaders play a role in civilization's emergence
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Ota Benga
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young African man entrapped in a NYC zoo, then released to walk the streets and eventually shot himself in an orphanage
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polymorphic
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describing species with alternative forms of particular genes
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polytypic
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describing the expression of genetic variants in different frequencies in different populations of a species
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epicanthic eye fold
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a fold of skin at the inner corner of the eye that covers the true corner of the eye
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lactose
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a sugar that is the primary constituent of fresh milk
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lactase
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an enzyme in the small intestine that enables humans to assimilate lactose
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thrifty genotype
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human genotype that permits efficient storage of fat to draw on in times of food shortage and conservation of glucose and nitrogen
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melanin
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chemical response for dark skin pigmentation that helps protect against damage from ultraviolet radiation
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developmental adaptation
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permanent phenotypic variation derived from interaction between genes and the environment during the period of growth and development
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secular trend
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physical difference among related people from distinct generations that allows anthropologists to make inferences about environmental effects on growth and development
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physiological
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a short term physiological change in response to a specific environmental stimulus
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acclimatization
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long-term physiological adjustments made in order to attain equilibrium with a specific environmental stimulus
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Bergmann's rule
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the tendency for the bodies of mammals living in cold climates to be short and rounder
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Allen's rule
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the tendency for the bodies of mammals living in cold climates to have shorter appendages
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hunting response
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a cyclic expansion and contraction of the blood vessels of the limbs that balances releasing enough heat to prevent frostbite while maintaining heat in the body core
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medical system
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a patterned set of ideas and practices relating to illness
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disease
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a specific pathology; a physical or biological abnormality
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illness
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the meanings and elaborations given to a particular physical state
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endemic
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a public health term for a disease that is widespread in a population
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evolutionary medicine
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an approach to human sickness and health combining principles of evolutionary theory and human evolutionary history
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prion
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an infectious protein lacking any genetic material but capable of causing the reorganization and destruction of other proteins
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medical pluralism
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the presence of multiple medical systems
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structural violence
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physical and/or psychological harm caused by exploitative and unjust social, political, and economic systems
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health disparity
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a difference in the health status between the wealthy elite and the poor in stratified societies
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enculturation
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the process by which a society's culture is passed on from one generation to the next
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society
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an organized group or groups of interdependent people who generally share a common territory
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gender
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the culture elaborations and meanings assigned to biological differentiation between the sexes
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subculture
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a distinctive set of ideas, values, and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates
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ethnic group
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people who collectively and publicly identify themselves as a distinct group based on cultural features such as common origin, language, customs, and traditional beliefs
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ethnicity
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the expression for a set of cultural ideas held by an ethnic group
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pluralistic society
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a society in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state but maintain their cultural differences
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social culture
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the rule-governed relationships that hold members of a society together
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infrastructure
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the economic foundation of a society including its subsistence practices and tools that other material equipment used to make a living
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superstructure
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a society's shared sense of identity and worldview
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cultural adaptation
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a complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enables people to survive and even thrive in their environment
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cultural relativism
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the idea that one must suspend judgement of other's practices in order to understand them
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urgent anthropology
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ethnographic research that documents endangered culturs
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advocacy anthropology
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research that is community based and politically involved
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multi-sited ethnography
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the investigation and documentation of peoples and cultures embedded in the larger structures of a globalizing world, utilizing a range of methods in various locations of time and space
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ethnographic fieldwork
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extended on-location research to gather detailed and in-depth information on a society's customary ideas, values, and practices through participation in its collective social life
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key consultant
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a member of the society being studied who provides information that helps researcher understand the meaning of what they observe
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quantitative data
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statistical or measurable information
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qualitative data
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non-statistical information such as a personal life stories and customary beliefs and practices
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informal interview
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an unstructured open-ended conversation in everyday life
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formal interview
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a structured question/answer session carefully notated as it occurs and based on prepared questions
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eliciting device
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an activity used to draw out individuals and encourage them to recall and share information
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ethnohistory
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a study of cultures of the recent past through oral histories
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Human Relations Area Files (HRAF)
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a vast collection of cross-indexed ethnographic and archaeological data catalogued by cultural characteristics
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idealistic perspective
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a theoretical approach stressing the primacy of superstructure in a cultural research and analysis
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materialist perspective
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a theoretical approach stressing the primacy of infrastructure in cultural research and analysis
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language
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a system of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules
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linguistics
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the modern scientific study of all aspects of language
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phonetics
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the systematic identification and description of distinctive speech and sounds in language
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phonology
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the study of language sounds
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phonemes
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the smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning in a language
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morphology
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the study of patterns or rules of word formation in a language
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morphemes
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the small units of sound that carry a meaning in language
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syntax
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patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences
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grammar
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the entire formal structure of a language
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language family
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a group of languages descended from a single ancestral language
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linguistic divergence
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the development of different languages from a single ancestral language
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glottochronology
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a method for identifying the approximate time that languages branch off from a common ancestor
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core vocabulary
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the most basic and long-lasting words in any language
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linguistic nationalism
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the attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms
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sociolinguistics
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the study of the relationship between language and society through examining how social categories influence the use and significance of distinctive styles of speech
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gendered speech
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distinctive male and female speech patterns
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dialects
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varying forms of language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes
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code switching
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changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands
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ethnolinguistics
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a branch of linguistics that studies relationships between language culture and how they mutually influence and inform each other
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linguistic relativity
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the idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language
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linguistic determinism
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the idea that language to some extent shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us
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kinesics
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a system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages
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proxemics
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the cross-cultural study of people's perception and use of space
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paralanguage
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voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning
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tonal language
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language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning
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whistled speech
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an exchange of whistled words using a phonetic emulation of sounds
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displacement
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referring to things and events removed in time and space
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writing system
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a set visible or tactile signs used to represent unites of language
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self-awareness
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the ability to identify oneself as an individual
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naming ceremony
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a special event or ritual to mark the naming of a child
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personality
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the distinctive way a person thinks, feels, and behaves
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dependence training
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childrearing practices that foster compliance in the performance of assigned tasks and dependence on the domestic group rather than reliance on oneself
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independence training
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childrearing practices that foster independence, self-reliance, and personal achievement
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modal personality
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those character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a social group and are therefore the mores representative of its culture
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core values
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those values especially promoted by a particular culture
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intersexual
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a person born with both reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female
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transgender
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a person who crosses over or occupies an alternative position in the binary male-female gender construction
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culture-bound syndrome
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a mental disorder specific to a particular cultural group
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ecosystem
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a system or functioning whole, composed of both the natural environment and all the organisms living within it
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cultural evolution
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cultural change over time
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progress
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the notion that humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage
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parallel evolution
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the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions
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culture area
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a geographic region in which a number of societies follow similar patterns of life
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culture core
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cultural features that are fundamental in the society's way of making its living
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carrying capacity
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the number of people that the available resources can support
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food foraging
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hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plant foods
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slash-and-burn cultivation
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an extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut and burned and new crops are planted among the ashes
swidden farming |
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peasant
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a rural cultivator whose surpluses are transferred to a dominant group of rulers that uses the surpluses to both under-write its own standard of living and to distribute the remainder to groups in society that do not farm
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agribusiness
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large-scale businesses involved in food production
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economic system
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an organized arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods
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technology
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tools and other material equipment, together wit the knowledge of how to make and use them
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reciprocity
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the exchange of goods and services between two parties
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generalized reciprocity
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a mode of exchange in which the value of what is given is not calculated
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balanced reciprocity
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a mode of exchange in which giving and receiving are specific
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negative reciprocity
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a form of exchange in which the aim is to get something for as little as possible
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silent trade
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a form of product exchange in which mutually distrusting ethnic groups avoid direct personal contact
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Kula ring
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a form of balanced reciprocity that reinforces trade relations among the seafaring Trobriand Islanders and other Melansians
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conspicuous consumption
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a showy display of wealth for social prestige
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potlatch
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on the NW coast of North America, a ceremonial event in a village chief publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods to signify wealth
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prestige economy
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creation of surplus for the express purpose of gaining prestige
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leveling mechanism
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a cultural obligation compelling prosperous members of a community to give away goods
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market exchange
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the buying and selling of goods and services with prices set by rules of supply and demand
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money
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something used to make payments for other goods and services as well to measure their value
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marriage
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a cultural sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws
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consanguineal kin
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blood relatives
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affinal kin
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people related through marriage
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incest taboo
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the prohibition of sexual relations between specified individuals, especially relatives
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endogamy
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marriage within a particular group or category of individuals
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exogamy
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marriage outside the group
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serial monogamy
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a marriage form in which a man or a woman marries or lives with a series of partners in succession
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polygamy
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one individual having multiple spouses at the same time
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polygyny
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marriage of one man to two or more women at the same time
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polyandry
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marriage of a woman to two or more men at one time
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group marriage
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marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to one another
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fictive marriage
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marriage by proxy to the symbols of someone not physically present to establish the social class of a spouse and heirs
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parallel cousin
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child of father's brother or mother's sister
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cross cousin
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child of mother's brother or father's sister
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bridewealth
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money or valuable goods paid by the groom or his family to the bride's family upon the marriage
bride-price |
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bride service
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a designated period of time when the groom works for the bride's family
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dowry
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payment of a woman's inheritance at the time of her marriage
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family
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two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption
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household
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the basic residential unit
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conjugal family
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a family established through marriage
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consanguineal family
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a family of blood relatives
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nuclear family
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a group consisting of one or two parents and dependent offspring
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extended family
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two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together
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patrilocal residence
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a residence pattern in which a married couple lives with the husband's father
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matrilocal residence
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a residence pattern in which a married couple lives with the wife's mother
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ambilocal residence
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a residence pattern in which a married couple may choose either matrilocal or patrilocal residence
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neolocal residence
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a pattern in which a married couple establishes the household in a location apart from either spouse's relatives
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kinship
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a network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations
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descent group
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any kin-ordered social group with a membership in the direct line of descent from a real or fictional common ancestory
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unilineal descent
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descent that establishes group members exclusively through either male or female line
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matrilineal descent
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descent traced exclusively through the female line
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patrilineal descent
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descent traced exclusively through the male line
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lineage
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a unilineal kinship group descended from a common ancestor who lived four to six generations ago
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clan
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an extended unilinean kinship group, often consisting of several lineages
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fission
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the splitting of a descent group into two or more new descent groups
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totemism
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the belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits
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phratry
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unilineal descent group composed of least two related clans
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moiety
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each group that results from teh division of a society into two halves on the basis of descent
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kindred
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an individual's close blood relatives
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EGO
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the central person from whom a degree of relationship is traced
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Eskimo system
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kinship reckoning in which the nuclear family is emphasized by specifically identifying the mother, father, brother, and sister, while lumping together all other relatives into broad categories
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Iroquois system
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kinship reckoning in which a father and father's brother are referred to by a single term, as are the mother and mother's sister
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age grade
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an organized category of people based on age
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age set
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a formally established group of people born during a certain time span who move through a series of age grade categories together
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common-interest association
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an association that results from an act of joining based on sharing particular activities, objectives, values, or beliefs
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stratified society
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a society in which people are hierarchically divided and ranked into social strata and do not share equally
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egalitarian society
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a society in which everyone has about equal rank, access, to, and power over the basic resources
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social class
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a category of individuals in a stratified society who enjoy equal or nearly equal prestige according to the system of evaluation
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caste
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a closed social class
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social mobility
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upward or downward change in one's social class
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political organization
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the way power is accumulated, arranged, executed, and structurally distributed and embedded in society
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band
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a relatively small and loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhabits a common territory
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tribe
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a range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor
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chiefdom
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a regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief
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state
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a political institution established to manage and defend complex, socially stratified society occupying a defined territory
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nation
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a people who share a collective identity based on common culture, language, territorial base, and history
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legitimacy
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the right of political leaders to govern
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cultural control
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control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals
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social control
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external control through open coercion
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sanction
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an externalized social control designed to encourage conformity to social norms
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law
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formal rules of conduct
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negotiation
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the use of direct argument and compromise by the parties to arrive voluntarily at a mutually satisfactory agreement
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mediation
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settlement of a dispute through negotiation assisted by an unbiased third party
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adjudication
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mediation with an unbiased third party making the ultimate decision
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genocide
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physical extermination of one people by another
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worldview
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the collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality
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religion
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an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere
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spirituality
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concern with the sacred
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polytheism
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belief in several gods and/or goddesses
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pantheon
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the several gods and goddesses are people
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animism
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belief that nature is animated
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animatism
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belief that nature is enlivened or energized by an impersonal spiritual power
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shaman
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a person who enters an altered state of consciousness to contact and utilize an ordinarily hidden reality
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transition
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in a rite of passage, isolation of the individual
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separation
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in a rite of passage, ritual of removal of an individual from society
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incorporation
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in a rite of passage, reincorporation of the individual into society
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rite of intensification
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a ritual that takes place during a crisis in the life of the group and serves to bind individuals together
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imitative magic
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magic based on the principle that like produces like
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contagious magic
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magic based on the principle that things or persons once in contact can influence each other after the contact is broken
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divination
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a magical procedure or spiritual ritual designed to find out what is not knowable by ordinary means
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revitalization movement
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a movement for radical cultural reform in response to a widespread social disruption
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cargo cult
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a spiritual movement in reaction to disruptive contact with Western capitalism, promising resurrection of deceased relatives, destruction or enslavement of white foreigners, and the magical arrival of utopian riches
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art
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the creative use of the human imagination
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iconic images
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culturally specific people, animals, and monsters seen in the deepest stage of trance
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folklore
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distinguish lore between folk art and fine art
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myth
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a sacred narrative that explains fundamentals of human existence
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legend
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a story about a memorable event or figure handed down by tradition and told as true without historical evidence
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epic
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a long, dramatic narrative recounting celebrated deeds of history or legendary heros
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tale
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a creative narrative that is recognized as fiction or entertainment but may also draw a moral or teach a practical lesson
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motif
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a story situation in a tale
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ethnomusicology
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the study of a society's music in terms of its cultural setting
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tonality
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in music, scale systems and their modifications
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diffusion
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the spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another
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cultural loss
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the abandonment of an existing practice or trait
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acculturation
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massive cultural change that occurs in a society when it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more powerful society
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tradition
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customary ideas and practices passed on rom generation to generation
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syncretism
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in acculturation, the creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs
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rebellion
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organized armed resistance to an established government or authority
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revolution
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radical change in a society or culture
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modernization
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the process of political and socioeconomic change, whereby Western things are adopted
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mutliculturalism
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public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multi-ethnic society
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structural power
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power that organizes and orchestrates the systemic interaction within and among societies
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hard power
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coercive power that is backed up by economic and military force
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soft power
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cooptive power that presses others through attraction and persuasion to change their ideas, beliefs, values, and behaviors
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replacement reproduction
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the point at which birthrates and death rates are in equilibrium
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internal migration
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movement within the boundaries of a country
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external migration
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movement from one country to another
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