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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Understanding variation is critical for
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predisposition to disease
normal variation evolution |
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Phenotype
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any measurable property of an organism
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Discrete
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phenotype comes in categories
ex. green or yellow peas |
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Continuous
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varies withour natural increments
ex. height |
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Law of Independent Assortment
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Segregation of one chromosome does not affect segregation of other chromosomes
If true loci are independent |
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Law of Segregation
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Gametes contain only one copy of either allele from a parent
Alleles segregate |
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Dominant
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Only one copy needs to be present for a particular phenotype to be expressed
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Recessive
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Two copies must be present for particular phenotype to be expressed
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Random
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Outcomes follow no deterministic pattern, instead conform to a probability distribution
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Probability that independent events A and B will occur together
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Prob (A) x Prob (B)
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Probablitiy of two mutually exclusive events A and B will occur is
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Prob (A) + Prob (B)
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Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
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random mating, no evolution
Alleles A and a at a single locus Condtitions Hold: p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 |
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Discrete Traits
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present or absent
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Meristic Traits
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Counts
Ex. # hairs |
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Continuous Traits
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Continuum of possible outcomes
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Additive Model
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Phenotypic effect of each genotype @ each locus
+1=++ +0=+- -1=-- |
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Additive Genetic Variance
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quantity that allows us to explain why relatives of differenft degrees of relatedness resemble one another for genetic reasons
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Heritability narrow
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proportion of phenotypic variance made up by additive genetic variance
h^2=Va/Vp How quickly trait will respond to selection or other evolutionary force |
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Heritability broad
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proportion of phenotypic variance made up by all kinds of genetic effects
h^2=Vg/Vp |
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Heritability can tell
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Worth looking for genes that contribute to variation in a trait
How trait will respond to forces of selection, migration, drift |
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Heritability can't tell
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how much of trait is due to genetics
Trait is fixed, can't be modified NO ONE TRUE MEASURE |
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Maternal effects
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15-20% of variance results from interuterine effects
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Flynn Effect
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Restandardization of cognitive tests show an improvement of people's scores over time
IQs increase 1-4 points/decade, due to environtment |
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Jensen's Fallacy
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Just because differences within groups are partially genetic based, does not mean differences between groups are genetically based
Heritability does not tell group differences |
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Linkage analysis
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Check for variation within genome and correlate with phenotypic ourcomes
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