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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is anthropology?
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The study of all aspects of the human experience.
- Study of human and nonhuman primates (monkeys, apes, and prosimians) |
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What are the five fields of Anthropology?
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1. Cultural Anthropology - All cultural aspects of living people
2. Archaeology - behavior and culture using material culture. 3. Linguistic Anthropology - intersection between culture and language. 4. Physical (Biological) Anthropology - All biological aspects of humans (past/present) 5. Applied Anthropology - applied in real life scenarios, ex: forensics Anthropology |
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Natural selection acts on the level of _______________ and evolution acts of the level of ________________.
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Natural selection acts of the level of the individuals.
Evolution acts of the level of the species. |
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How is evolution both a fact and a theory?
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Evolution is a fact that - life on this planet has changed over time.
Theory: - Explanation for how change occurs Ex: Natural selection |
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What didn't Darwin and the other early theorists know?
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1. Origin of variation
2. Maintenance of variation 3. Rate of evolutionary change |
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What is gene flow?
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The movement of alleles within and between populations.
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What's the difference between meiosis and mitosis?
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Mitosis:
- Makes 2 cells - Identical with parent cells - Diploid Meiosis: - Makes 4 daughter cells - Each cell with half the # of chromosomes - Usually different from parent cells - Haploid |
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Where does meiosis and mitosis occur?
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Occurs in DNA Replication.
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What is the difference between a gene and an allele?
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Gene:
Specific region of DNA that controls a specific trait such as earlobe and tongue rolling. Allele: - Different versions of genes - A variant sequence of nucleotides in a gene, a form of a gene Ex: Genes are clothes and alleles are different brands. Attached earlobe vs. hanging earlobe. - Contains a dominant allele and recessive: AA is homozygous dominant and Aa is heterozygous dominant. - Lowercase aa is homozygous recessive. |
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What are the three different types of natural selection?
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Directional Selection:
-Favors one extreme over another Ex: For giraffes,there was a selection pressure against short necks, since individuals with short necks could not reach as many leaves on which to feed. As a result, the distribution of neck length shifted to favor individuals with long necks. Stabilizing Selection: - Favors average; against "extremes" - Compromise: population similar Ex: 4 chamber heart; 3 is too small and 5 is too large. Disruptive Selection: - Selection pressures act against individuals in the middle of the trait distribution. Ex:Imagine a plant of extremely variable height that is pollinated by three different pollinators, one that was attracted to short plants, another that preferred plants of medium height and a third that visited only the tallest plants. If the pollinator that preferred plants of medium height disappeared from an area, medium height plants would be selected against and the population would tend toward both short and tall, but not medium height plants. |
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What are the three functions of DNA?
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1) Replication (making copies of itself)
2) Protein synthesis (helping in the creation of molecules that make up organisms) 3) Regulation (regulating itself in the first two functions) |
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What do complex traits involve?
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Involves:
- Environment - Culture - Genes |
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What is a genotype?
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Type of genes
- The alleles in an organism's DNA |
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What is a phenotype?
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The physical traits of an organism.
- An organism's observable, measurable traits. |
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What was correct and incorrect about Lamarck's theory?
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Correct:
- Identified the environmental as a challenge to organism - Adaptation as result of changing to meet environmental challenges Incorrect: - Inheritance of acquired characteristics (an organism couldn’t pass a set of physical characteristics to its offspring) - Time frame (within a generation or lifetime of the species) |
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What is lamarckism?
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The idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring (also known as heritability of acquired characteristics or soft inheritance).
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What's the difference between somatic and germ cells?
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Somatic cells:
- Body cells - Diploid ( A pair of 23 chromosomes) - Clones - Produced through MITOSIS Germ Cells: - Sex cells - Haploid (set of 23 chromosomes) - Gametes (sperm, egg) - Produced through MEIOSIS |
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What is DNA mainly composed of?
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- Nucleotide
- Bases -Sugars - Phosphates |
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Anthropology is a combination of which two approaches?
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Humanities and Sciences approach.
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What did early theorists know about genetics?
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- Early theorists knew nothing of…
Genetics (modern or otherwise) … they had no access to: - Chemical dating techniques Few fossils discovered and mostly in Europe … and were all pious (religious) fellows! Few scientists denied the existence of God or creation (Big Bang Theory not until 1927) |
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In our human body, how many sets of DNA do we have and where?
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We have two sets of DNA.
- One in the nucleus; combination of both parents' nuclear DNA - Another in the mitochondria that's exclusively inherited from the mother. |
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What are the basics concepts of Natural Selection?
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1. NS acts on variation
2. Variations must be heritable 3. Individuals w/ favorable variations will survive to reproduce 4. Environment controls which variations are favorable 5. Changes happen over long periods of time 6. NS acts on individuals; evolution on species |
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mtDNA is __________ DNA and Y-chromosomes is ____________ DNA because girls don't receive a Y-chromosome.
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mtDNA is "maternal" DNA and Y-chromosomes is "paternal" DNA since girls don't receive a Y-chromosome.
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What is genetic recombination (i.e., crossing over)? Does this create new variation?
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- Recombination occurs in meiosis, where the mix of maternal and paternal chromosomes is shuffled.
- This ensures that each gamete will have a novel combination of genetic material from its parents. - Therefore, recombination helps to explain why every offspring from the same parents is different and why every human being is unique. - Crossing over – occurs when homologous chromosomes exchange segments as a result of their extreme structural and chemical similarity. - Recombination does not create any new variations!!! - Crossing over creates new variations on chromosomes!!! |
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What is the importance of meiosis?
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- Meiosis causes structural changes in the chromosomes through recombination and crossing over.
Recombination - assures each gamete will have a novel combo. of genetic material from its parents Crossing over - shuffles segments of maternal and paternal DNA; creates new genetic variations on chromosomes. |
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What is the primary function of mitosis?
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To allow replacement to occur.
Process which our bodies grow and heal themselves. - Where a single cell becomes an organism consisting of billions of cells |
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Mutations can be harmful, _________, and _________.
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Mutations can be harmful, helpful, and neutral.
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What is importance of proteins?
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- Hair, skin, cells, bones, muscle, enzymes…
- Add structure/ support - Functional (cell cycling, immune response) Important for the function, structure, and regulation of our body. |
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Transcription occurs in the __________ and translation occurs in the ____________.
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Transcription occurs in the nucleus.
Translation occurs in the cytoplasm. |
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What is Gregory Mendel's principle of segregation?
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When gametes (sex cells) are produced, allele pairs separate or segregate leaving them with a single allele for each trait
- Members of allele pairs segregate (separate) into gamete cells - Alleles reunite during fertilization |
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What are some exceptions to Mendelian principles?
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Linked genes
- Two genes on same chromosome inherited together Do not assort independently! Incomplete dominance: heterozygous phenotype intermediate b/w 2 allele |
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What are the major assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
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- Population is infinitely large
- No mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, or NS - Random mating - Equal numbers of M/F breeding |
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What did Darwin propose the theory of? What didn't he propose?
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He proposed the theory of natural selection.
Darwin didn’t propose the theory of evolution. Only proposed the idea of evolutionary change. |
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What is the main point of the Hardy-Weinberg equation(HWE)?
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Shows that both dominant and recessive alleles can increase/decrease over time.
- Allows us to predict allele frequencies across entire populations rather than just predicting the genetic makeup of offspring. |
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How is evolution a two-stage process?
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1) Production of variation
2) Redistribution of variation |
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What are the ways that gene flow can occur?
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Migration
(Nonrandom) mating Positive assortative (based on similarities) Ex: caste systems Negative assortative (based on differences) Ex: redhead incest taboo |
