Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Systemic economy |
the economy as the production, distribution, and consumption of material andnon-material valuables in society |
|
|
Actor-centered economy |
the ways in which actors use the available means to maximize value; all actions take place at the level of the ‘actor’ |
|
|
Reciprocity is the social basis of: |
Consumption |
|
|
Modes of livelihood |
the ways in which people acquire the resources they need to survive |
|
|
Intake Output |
using things spending or using resources to acquire things |
|
|
Minimalism |
few and finite consumer demands There are adequate and sustainable ways to achieve the demands Exists among foragers, pastoralists, and horticulturalists Driven by small populations, egalitarianism, lifestyle constraints, and ecological constraints |
|
|
Ecological Constraints on Consumption |
If bands or tribes over-exploit an environment, they face starvation at worst, or are forced to move Minimalists are sensitive to environmental feedback and use seasonal movement, adapt to successful modes of livelihood, and have low birth rates |
|
|
Consumerism |
many and infinite consumer demands o Means of satisfying demands cannot suffice o Drives expansion (globalization, colonialism) o Costs include: environmental degradation, extinction events, loss of cultural diversity, widespread inequality, and depersonalized exchange o Driven by: accumulation of wealth, inequality, social status, and conspicuous consumption |
|
|
Exchange |
dominant way that goods are transferred, both between individuals and groups |
|
|
Three modes of exchange |
Reciprocity Market exchange Redistribution |
|
|
Reciprocity |
exchange of goods and services of equal value; most ancient form of exchange |
|
|
Three types of reciprocity |
Generalized reciprocity Balanced reciprocity Negative reciprocity |
|
|
Generalized Reciprocity |
exchange without expecting an immediate return – usually between close kin Ex) parents supporting children; people taking care of sick relatives |
|
|
Balanced Reciprocity |
found in exchanges where a return exchange of equal value is expected within a reasonable amount of time Ex) "This round is on me" |
|
|
Negative reciprocity |
exchange of goods and services where one party attempts to come out at an advantage over the other Ex) haggling; stealing; gambling |
|
|
Market exchange |
exchange that is mediated by currency through a market system emerges in capitalist societies markets are now internationally linked |
|
|
Money |
a medium of exchange that can be used for a variety of goods |
|
|
Three functions of money: |
Medium of exchange Unit of account Store of value |
|
|
Redistribution |
one person/ organization collects goods of money from many members of the group later, goods are redistributed to those who participated often a big event |
|
|
Gift giving |
A universal behavior Implicit expectation of return Creates relationships; not to reciprocate to reject the relationship; much is communicated about the relationship |
|
|
Gift economy |
when a gift enters one into a morally committing relationship |
|
|
"The Gift" |
Written by Marcel Mauss A comparative ethnology that covers human transactions and the morality ofexchange and how they relate to Western law and economic organization |
|
|
Three obligations of gifts: |
To give gifts To receive gifts To reciprocate gifts |
|
|
Hau |
The spirit of the thing given Unalienable and embodied within an object; things as living beings Compels the recipients to give a gift in return |
|
|
Ongka's Big Moka |
Ritualized system of exchange in Papua New Guinea Way to earn/prove status as a ‘big man’ able to marshal resources from his tribe |
|
|
Potlatch |
Northwest coats chiefdoms held redistributory feasts Keeps resources in flux, the three obligations, the notions or honor and saving face,builds social ties between communities, crafts a safety net, a form of competition |
|
|
Canadian Potlatch Ban (1885-1951) |
Thought that potlatch was an example of instability within First Nations communities Opposed to capitalism; seen as wasteful and destructive; displayed a lack of ‘thrift’ |
|
|
Kula Exchange |
On the Trobriand Islands in the Solomon Sea Red shell disc necklaces traded clockwise; white shell armbands tradedcounterclockwise |
|
|
Reciprocity and the Power of Giving |
Written by Lee Cronk Different purposes of gifts; varying reception of gifts Reciprocation should be delayed That which cannot be repaid puts the recipient in debt |
|
|
Tonga Oloa |
maternal goods, decorations, native and immovable paternal goods, tools, foreign, movable |
|
|
Total Services |
permanent contracts between clans obligations to give, receive, and reciprocate |
|
|
Alms |
gifts given to the poor in times of plenty |
|
|
Two gifts form an official trading partnership: |
Vaga – first gift Yotile – clinching gift |
|
|
Science |
investigation and study of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment |
|
|
Technology |
the production and dissemination of science into society a social and political activity |
|
|
Scientism |
a philosophical perspective that suggests that science is value-free, objective,and the only way in which the world can be understood and problems can be solved a world view |
|
|
Normative view of science |
science is a formal activity that creates knowledge through direct interactions with nature science is standard, reproducible, and all scientists agree on hypotheses, methods, and results science is value-free and only concerned with the facts |
|
|
Positivism |
theology and meta physics are imperfect forms of knowledge, and that positive knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations asverified by the empirical sciences |
|
|
Science and Technology Studies |
the social science devoted to studying how politics, culture, and history affect scientific research and technological innovation |
|
|
Nature and culture meet when studying: |
Subsistence Political organization Exchange The body/health |
|
|
Binary Opposition |
related terms that are opposite in meaning |
|
|
Cartesian Dualism |
The mind and body are distinct and exist independently The mind thinks; the body feels |
|
|
Phenomenology |
a philosophy of existence that emphasizes experience and rejects the mind/bodysplit of Descartes |
|
|
Embodiment |
literally being ‘in’ the body; people both have and are bodies |
|
|
Body techniques |
learning through the body ways of moving through the body that are taught – body movement as culture |
|
|
Bodies communicate: |
Culture Gender Religion Health |
|
|
Naturalistic Explanation of Illness |
Causes of sickness include organic breakdown, obstruction, injury, imbalance,malnutrition, and parasites |
|
|
Personalistic Explanation of Illness |
Causes of sickness include intrusion of foreign objects into the body by supernatural means, spirit possession, loss, or damage, bewitching, the evil eye, or the acts of spirits |
|
|
Health |
a broad construct, consisting of physical, psychological, and social well-being a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
|
|
Sickness |
undesirable condition of the body: mental, physical, or spiritual can be divided into illness and disease |
|
|
Disease |
measurable pathological condition of the body does not depend on experience to determine what it is |
|
|
Illness |
the subjective experience of symptoms and suffering culturally constructed through perception, labeling, explanation, and the sick role |
|
|
Medical Anthropology |
a branch of anthropology that studies all aspects of health-related phenomena(health, illness, and health care) considers cultural systems as well as the effects of local and worldwide social and political environments |
|
|
Ethno-medicine |
the health-related beliefs, knowledge, and practices of a cultural group |
|
|
Biomedicine |
the dominant medical paradigm in Western countries today Focus on specific diseases and cures for those diseases, which all have natural causes Little emphasis placed on the person as part of a larger social and cultural system |
|
|
Ayurveda |
medical system practiced in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and parts of the Arab world Emphasizes the concept of balance and cures through diet |
|
|
AYUSH |
parallel health system alongside biomedical model in India Governmentregulated and WHO-supported |
|
|
Culture-bound syndrome |
a constellation of symptoms which has been categorized as a dysfunction or a disease The disorder or disease is thought to be ‘local’ to a particular culture and its worldview Ex) Amok, Susto |
|
|
Critical Medical Anthropology |
branch of medical anthropology that blends critical theory and ethnographic approaches in the consideration of the effects of history, politics, and economy andresulting social inequality on people’s health |
|
|
Syndemic |
the aggregation of two or more diseases in a population in which there is somelevel of positive biological interaction that exacerbates the negative healtheffects of any or all of the diseases |
|
|
Social Determinants of Health |
the circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work, and age and the systems put in place to deal with illness shaped by economics, social policies, and politics |
|
|
Sickness and Healing |
Written by Robert Hahn Considers the effectiveness nosologies on diagnoses and healing within different ethno-medicines |
|
|
Nosology |
classification of the forms of sickness |
|
|
Realist |
words and their definitions share essential properties |
|
|
Nominalist |
words are arbitrary labels |
|
|
Malady |
includes disease, illness, injury, and disability, undesirable to all, not individually like sickness |
|
|
Referred pain |
physical damage in one part of the body is experienced as pain in another |
|
|
Meta-pathology |
sicknesses that constrain the capacity of patients to recognize their own sickness |
|
|
Primary gain of sickness |
diverting a patient’s attention from a more disturbing problem |
|
|
Secondary gain of sickness |
being exempt from difficult or tiresome duties and receiving the sympathy and care of others |
|
|
Disease accounts Illness accounts Disorder accounts |
the body of the patient as the source of the sickness consider the body, the person, and the social environment as sources of sickness the source and locus of sickness is within society at large, the universe |
|
|
Sickness experiences |
flow of sensations, beliefs, attitudes and emotions that contribute to people’s consciousness that something is wrong and undesirable in themselves |
|
|
Necessary cause Sufficient cause |
must be present for the sickness to occur, sickness can’t exist without it the sickness can occur without it, but in its presence, it will inevitably occur |
|
|
Exclusionist perspective |
some diagnoses are culturally-bound (social cause), all others are culture-free (biological cause) |
|
|
Inclusionist, nature-culture continuum perspective |
all human events, including the supposed culture-bound ones have cultural and biological and cognitive and psychodynamic aspects |
|
|
Inclusionist, multiple aspect perspective |
all human conditions are equally biological, cultural, social, cognitive, psychologic, and psychodynamic |
|
|
Interpretive approach Causal explanation |
new cultural phenomenon need only make sense with their own cultural contexts looking for a universal law |
|
|
Sex |
biological sex based on appearance of external genitalia, typically assigned at birth |
|
|
Sexual Dimorphism |
biological and behavioral differences between males and females |
|
|
Intersex |
a general term used for individuals born with a variety of conditions, both external and internal, that do not clearly map onto definitions of male and female |
|
|
Gender |
sociocultural construction of beliefs and behaviors deemed appropriate for individuals,oftentimes based on their biological sex |
|
|
Gender Identity |
how individuals perceive themselves as gendered (or agendered) beings |
|
|
Gender expression |
the ways in which one communicates their gender to others, typically through bodily presentation, behavior, speech patterns, etc. |
|
|
Gender role |
tasks and behaviors assigned to particular genders |
|
|
Gender stratification |
unequal distribution of socially valued resources like power, prestige, personal freedom, human rights, and compensation or recognition for labor |
|
|
Gender binary |
a concept of gender as having two distinct manifestations (male and female), grounded in relation to a person’s physical anatomy |
|
|
Gender spectrum |
an understanding of gender that allows for a wider variety of gender identities across a spectrum from the masculine to the feminine |
|
|
Berdache/Two-Spirit |
term applied to non-binary genders by anthropologists since the 19th century, replaced by term two-spirit, chosen by indigenous LGBT communities |
|
|
Hijra |
hindi term applied to those assigned male at birth who later in life are feminine individuals across a spectrum from cross-dressing to being transgender |
|
|
Muxe |
individuals from Zapotec communities in Mexico who are assigned male at birth, and grow up to be feminine individuals |
|
|
Sexuality |
sexual desires and practices attitudes about sexuality usually based on cultural values humans learn about what is sexually stimulating through enculturation |
|
|
Sexual orientation |
sexual identity in relation to what gender(s) they are attracted to, if any |
|
|
Gender and Anthropology |
1960s - 2nd wave feminism heavily influenced social science 1970s - Queer theory and the widening of our understanding of gender 1980s - Reimagined women’s roles in society 1990s - Gained mainstream attention |
|
|
Feminization of Poverty |
Resulting in poor health indicators for women and children Women earn 1/10 of the world’s income Ownless than 1% of the world’s property |
|
|
Relatedness |
socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of different ways including friendship, kinship, marriage, and parenthood |
|
|
Marriage |
a relatively stable union, usually between two or more people who may or may not be co-residential, sexually involved with one another, and procreative with each other |
|
|
Incest Taboo |
universal prohibition against marriage of kin who are too closely related; definition of ‘too close’ varies across cultures |
|
|
Monogamy Polygamy Polygyny Polyandry |
marriage between two people; most common cross-culturally one person with multiple spouses one man, multiple women (more common) one woman, multiple men (less common) |
|
|
Kinship |
web of important social relationships; study of descent or lineages and how resources and ideas are passed from generation to generation; refers to ties by blood, marriage, and adoption |
|
|
Most important aspect of social structures: |
Kinship |
|
|
Cosanguinal Affinal Fictive |
related by blood; parents, siblings, etc. related by marriage frat brothers, your childhood best friend who you call your sister, your mom’s friend who you call uncle, godparents |
|
|
Kinship Diagram |
Men are represented by triangles, women by circles. Oriented around one person, identified as ‘ego.' ‘=’ marriage ‘I’ offspring ‘–’ sibling |
|
|
Lineage Clan Moiety |
sets of kin whose members trace descent through a common ancestry; have known links to this ancestor sets of kin who believe they are descended from a common ancestry, but cannot trace the links entire society divided into two groups who each claim an unspecified descent style |
|
|
Unilineal descent |
traced through one parent 60%of kinship systems around the world follow this descent convention Found among pastoralists, horticulturalists, agriculturalists Residence depends on descent |
|
|
Matrilocal Patrilocal |
live with mother's family live with father's family |
|
|
Patrilineal descent Matrilineal descent |
sons and men get inheritance daughters and women get inheritance |
|
|
Bilineal descent |
traced through both parents 40%of kinship systems around the world Found among foragers and industrial societies Inheritance allocated equally among children Family life centers on nuclear family Residence is neo-local: the couple lives in a new place |
|
|
Patrilinearity |
kinship is traced through the male line; males dominate status, power, and property Found among 45% of all cultures Strongest versions found in South Asia (India, Pakistan) and East Asia |
|
|
Matrilinearity |
kinship traced through the female line; women control land and products Found among 15 % of all cultures Found in Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, and in some parts of Europe and North America |
|
|
Exogamy Endogamy |
can only marry outside of your group can only marry inside of your group |
|
|
Preferential marriage system |
based directly on kin relationships, such as cross-cousin marriage |
|
|
Levirate Sororate |
when a man is required to marry his dead brother's wife when a woman is required to marry her dead sister's husband |
|
|
Bride price Bride service Equal exchange Dowry |
goods given to bride's kin from groom's kin work given to bride's kin by groom gifts given both ways gifts to groom's kin from bride's kin |
|
|
Cross cousin Parallel cousin |
child of your parent's opposite-sex sibling child of your parent's same-sex sibling |
|
|
Types of kinship systems: |
Hawaiian (36%) Iroquois (29%) Sudanese (9%) Crow (6%) Omaha (9%) Inuit/Eskimo (11%) |
|
|
Hawaiian kinship system |
both sides are equally important Aunts and mothers, uncles and fathers, have same term All cousins are same divided by gender only |
|
|
Iroquois kinship system |
more common; cross-cousin marriage preferable; siblings include your parallel cousins (incest taboo) Single term for father and father’s brother Single term for mother and mother’s sister |
|
|
Sudanese kinship system |
every person has their own specific term |
|
|
Crow kinship system |
matrilineal decent; opposite of Omaha Kin on your mother’s side get specific terms Father’s kin less important |
|
|
Omaha kinship system |
patrilineal descent; mother’s side less important, has less specific terms for those family members Mother’s brother and sons get the same term Father’s siblings and their kids get their own, specific terms, because they are more your kin |
|
|
Inuit/Eskimo kinship system |
rare; emphasis on nuclear family; lumps all other relatives into large categories; no difference between cross and parallel cousins |
|
|
Insufficient explanations for fraternal polyandry: |
Barren land/starvation Female infanticide |
|
|
Bride kidnapping |
the forcible abduction of a woman for the purpose of marriage without the knowledge or consent of the bride or her parents Maybe genuine or mock |
|
|
Ritual |
formal, stylized, repetitive, performed in special places at set time; collective acts that transmit enduring messages about what is important/valued in society; indicates adherence to a common social or moral order two major categories are rites of passage and rites of intensification |
|
|
Functions of ritual behavior |
Means of communication between two or more group members Indicates they are committed to the group and its shared values, marking them as trustworthy to others |
|
|
Rites of passage |
a culturally defined activity associated with the transition from one stage of life to another. Examples includes naming ceremonies, coming of age, circumcision, and vision quests. |
|
|
Three stages of a rite of passage |
Separation Liminality Incorporation |
|
|
Separation |
withdraw from the group and begin shift from one status to another |
|
|
Liminality |
limbo between the states; an ambiguous social position Apart from ordinary distinctions and expectation Maybe alone or as part of a group Reversals of ordinary behavior May have rules like sexual abstinence, poverty, or silence |
|
|
Incorporation |
reenter society with their new status |
|
|
Rites of intensification |
rituals that may be seasonal that reinforce group solidarity, cultural values, and group social and political status or relationships Ex) the haka |
|
|
Costly signaling |
refers to a situation in which the net return is lower than input cost; behaviors transmit honest signals at high cost and are beneficial because of the social implication of the honest signal Ex) snake handling |
|
|
Honest signal |
reinforces group identity and cohesion, demonstrates loyalty, maintains cooperation, sendsa clear signal to outsiders/enemies, reduces negative impact of competitionthat could harm group solidarity Ex) fire walking |
|
|
Religion |
a set of cultural knowledge about the supernatural that people use to cope withthe ultimate problems of human existence; belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces |
|
|
Functions of religion |
orderly model of the universe and human behavior reduces fear and anxiety about the unknown provides guidelines for acceptable behavior social solidarity education |
|
|
Supernatural Sacred |
extraordinary realm outside (but believed to impinge upon) the observable world that which is set apart from the profane (the everyday); examples include communion wafers, shamans, relics, and holy water |
|
|
Effervescence Communitas |
the bubbling up of collective emotional intensity generated by worship an intense community spirit, afeeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness |
|
|
Max Weber—Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 1905 |
Linked protestant values to the rise of capitalism from earlier economic systems Wealth accumulation seen as desirable, mark of God’s favor in N. European Calvinist protestant traditions |
|
|
Karl Marx on religion |
“It is the opium of the people, The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness." |
|
|
Beliefs |
how we make sense of a reality that is beyond our senses; three basic types of beliefs; four basic types of religious systems |
|
|
Three basic religious beliefs |
Supernatural beings Supernatural forces Supernatural practitioners |
|
|
Supernatural beings |
invisible beings that exhibit form, personality, attitudes, and powers Include deities, demons, souls, spirits, and ghosts |
|
|
Two types of supernatural forces |
Mana Magic |
|
|
Mana |
impersonal supernatural force that flows in and out of people and objects; view of the supernatural as a domain, or as a raw impersonal power or force; people can control this force under certain circumstances Melanesian Concept – can be acquired through chance or hard work Polynesian Concept – not available to everyone; attached to political office; made chiefs dangerous to commoners; mana flowed from their bodies to the surroundings |
|
|
Magic |
supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims Imitative magic – imitate the effect they want on an image of the victim (dolls) Contagious magic – whatever is done to an object is believed to affect a person who once had contact with it |
|
|
Shamans |
part-time specialists usually chosen by the supernatural, who have inherent abilities; use techniques like drumming, medicinal flora use, psychosomatic practices, divination, or spirit possession |
|
|
Priests |
full-time supernatural practitioners who are part of religious bureaucracy; chooses to become a practitioner and is trained; may have other labels |
|
|
Types of Religious Systems |
Animism Ancestor Worship Polytheism Monotheism |
|
|
Animism Ancestor worship |
belief in the existence of individual spirits or souls that inhabit natural objects and phenomena custom of venerating deceased ancestors who are considered still a part of the family and whose spirits are believed to have the power to intervene in the affairs of the living |
|
|
Polytheism Monotheism |
beliefs system consisting of many supernatural beings of approximately equal power; there may or may not be a chief deity a belief system that focuses on one all-powerful deity; there may or may not be other supernatural beings like angels, prophets, or saints |
|
|
World's Top 5 Religions |
Christianity Islam Hinduism Buddhism Sikhism |
|
|
Revitalization movements |
social movements that occur in times of change, in which leaders emerge within a religion to alter or revitalize a society Example: Lakota Sioux and the Ghost Dance |
|
|
Syncretism Cargo Cults |
cultural mixes including religious blends like Santeria and Candomble revitalization movement based on European cargo in the South Pacific |
|
|
Anti-modernism Fundamentalism |
the rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, purer, and better way of life a type of anti-modernism |
|
|
"The Adaptive Value of Religious Ritual" |
Written by Richard Sosis Costly signaling Human behavioral ecology Religion as an evolutionary adaptation |
|
|
Optimal foraging theory |
natural selection has designed our decision-making mechanisms to optimize the rate at which human beings accrue resources under diverse ecological conditions |
|
|
"The Great New England Vampire Panic" |
Written by Abigail Turner supernatural explanatory mechanisms for illness Jewett City, CT Vampires 1854 Mercy ‘Lena’ Brown, 19 years old, late 1800s vampire, Exeter, RI |
|
|
Race in non-humans |
race is a biological concept; a geographically isolated subdivision of a species that can eventually develop into a new species if the isolation is maintained Human populations are not reproductively isolated; do not have a biological race; human classification into races is based on evaluation of phenotypes |
|
|
Race Racial Classification |
cultural construction based on presumed biological ties; based on outward appearance attempts to assign discrete categories to humans based on common ancestry |
|
|
Genotype Phenotype |
an organism’s genetic make up an organism’s physical traits; the basis for race |
|
|
Racism |
when the idea of race is used to make pre-judgements about people without regard to their individual traits, skills, and talents and to determine their places in society Makes an association between physical, psychological, and moral attributes Used to justify discrimination and prejudice, stereotyping, and profiling |
|
|
Encomienda system Virginia slave codes |
beginning with French practices in the Caribbean and Spanish practices in Latin America, slavery is a hereditary condition support any person from a non-Christian nation eligible to be a slave |
|
|
Racist scientists |
Carolus Linnaeus Samuel G. Morton |
|
|
Carolus Linnaeus |
Father of taxonomy 3 main assumptions: Races are objective, naturally occurring divisions of humanity A strong relationship exists between race and other human phenomena (culture, intelligence, morality) Race is an explanatory model for understanding human behavior |
|
|
Samuel G. Morton (1799-1851) |
Collected human skulls and measured their volume, arguing that whites had the largest Morton’s collection of skulls re-examined in the 1980’s by Stephen Jay Gould, an evolutionary biologist who found that Morton’s racial bias led to his rejectionof skulls that did not support his hypothesis |
|
|
Hypodescent Ascribed status |
children of white-non-white parents typically assigned on-white racial identity categories usually assigned at birth |
|
|
Race in Brazil |
Racial categories are fluid; 134 racial identities, largely based on phenotype but not hereditary like it is in the US |
|
|
Natural Selection |
forms best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce with a higher frequency; successful traits are passed along; come from uneven environments |
|
|
Human variation: skin color |
Complex biological trait; melanin; protects skin from UV rays in high sunlight environments Melanin protects folate in the body which helps with cell division and DNA creation; also protects against sun damage, skin cancers, and burns Light skin maximizes absorption of UV radiation and production of Vitamin D in environments with less direct sunlight |
|
|
Human variation: blood type |
A geographically distributed, heritable trait that is easily demarcated |
|
|
Ethnicity Ethnic Group |
identification with and feeling part of an ethnic group and exclusion from other groups as a result; negotiated, fluid, changes over time, fluid, and not mutually exclusive members share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms; result of common background; based on language, religion, historical experience, geographic isolation, or race; identify themselves and are defined that way by others |
|
|
Nation Nationality |
community of people who share a common territory or government; a cultural or ethnic entity legal relationshipbetween a person, or an ethnic/racial group to a nation-state |
|
|
Nation-state |
a state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving asa sovereign entity; a sovereign territorial unit |
|
|
"AAA Statement on Race" |
Greater variation within racial groups than between them Physical traits are inherited independently of one another American racial ideas developed in the 18th century: Great Chair of Being derived racial status from god Racist science in the 19th century, colonialism, holocaust A living, changing statement adopted May 17, 1998 |
|
|
"How Race Becomes Biology" |
Race becomes biology in two ways: The sociocultural reality of race and racism has biological consequences forracially defined groups Epidemiological evidence for racial inequalities in health reinforces public understanding of race as biology |
|
|
Critique of Race |
Race ≠ Human Genetic Variation Biology ≠ Genetics Race ≠ Myth |
|
|
Embodiment |
we literally incorporate, biologically, the material and social world in which we live, from conception to death |
|
|
Colonialism Imperialism |
the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time; characterized by social domination and forced social change a policy of extending rule of a nation or empire over foreign nationals and of taking and holding foreign colonies |
|
|
Colony |
territory tied to a sovereign state; no foreign policy, no standing military |
|
|
Settler colonialism Extractive colonialism |
population shift; significant migration from colonizing country to colony indigenous population; insignificant migration from colonizing country to colony |
|
|
Motivations for colonialism |
European technological advances Ethnocentric feeling of European superiority Increased travel capabilities led to increased contact between Europe and the Americas, but also between Europe and Asia and Africa |
|
|
1stwave of Colonialism (1492-1825) |
Americas; Papal decree, who owns the ‘New World’; Conquistadores; Encomienda system; development of global slave trade; independence movements: US (1776), Haiti(1801), and Bolivia (1825) |
|
|
2ndWave of Colonialism (1825-1900) |
expansion into Africa, Asia; need for new markets; the division of Africa; the humanitarian mission of colonization “White Man’s Burden” – civilizing nations, spreading Christianity and democracy |
|
|
3rdWave of Colonialism (1900-1960) |
end of WWII and creation of the UN; independence movements throughout Africa, South and Southeast Asia 1950:134 colonies 1961:58 colonies Cold War was fought through proxies |
|
|
Development |
What it is: directed cultural change aimed at improving welfare reducing poverty, strengthening global economies, improving health Who does it: state, donor agencies, international development agencies, NGOs, businesses, indigenous social movements |
|
|
Humanitarianism Humanitarian-aid |
a moral attitude that is concerned with promoting human welfare short-term relief extended during times of crisis or conflict in order to alleviate human suffering material and logistical support that promotes human survival, health, and dignity during man-made or natural disasters |
|
|
Application of Anthropology |
Applied anthropology began with the application of anthropology to colonial administration in the UK and France During WWII, anthropologists were employed by the US government in the Office of Strategic Affairs, Japanese internment camps, and with indigenous group in the Pacific theatre |
|
|
Marshall Plan |
US economic aid to rebuild post WWII Europe; sought to prevent the spread of communism Subsequent aid programs aimed to prevent the spread of communism, support centralized democratic regimes in former colonies, benefit aid-based relationships |
|
|
Theories of Development: |
Modernization Dependency Theory World Systems |
|
|
Modernization |
economic development via industrialization and economic aid will ‘modernize’ the non-modern world; a Western process originating from 1800s politics |
|
|
Dependency theory |
economic disparities between developed and underdeveloped countries stem from historical, political, and economic circumstance; development centered around creating export economies creates dependence on the ‘rich’ by the ‘poor’ on a global scale; the dependency may be a necessary stage of development or a symptom of inherent issues within capitalism |
|
|
World Systems Theory |
Core – countries that are fully industrialized, monopolize technological expertise, control financial decision making for the system as a whole, and pay high wages to skilled workers Periphery – countries whose main contribution to capitalism is the export of raw materials or manufacture of goods Semi-Periphery – countries whose economic productions has risen, produce goods and services, moving from periphery towards core |
|
|
Tourism |
any activity that involves the self-conscious experience of another place |
|
|
Anthropology of Tourism |
multi-billion dollar industry; over 1 billion people participated in tourism in 2013 Anthropologists focus on how tourists experience tourism, where tourists go and why, and how local experience tourism through employment, local identity, pollution and social inequality as well as positive and negative local attitudes towards tourism |
|
|
Types of Tourism |
Mass tourism Medical tourism Volunteer tourism Extreme tourism Eco tourism |
|
|
"A Small Place" |
Written by Jamaica Kincaid Nativesvs. tourists Antigua: Britishcolony until 1967 Povertyand inequality; infrastructure built for tourists |
|
|
Globalization |
theflow of capital, goods, people, images, and ideas around the world Dramatictransformation of modern world economically and socially Increasein and intensification of ties throughout the world, related to spread ofwestern style capitalism |
|
|
Modernization Interconnectedness |
economicgrowth through industrialization, market expansion; political consolidationthrough the nation-state model; technological innovation; social mobility people’s lives and culturesare now clearly connected; change canripple across the globe |
|
|
Migration |
movementof people from one place to another: Internal, International, and Transnational |
|
|
Reasons people migrate: |
Economic Political Conflict Kinship |
|
|
Displaced persons |
refugeeswho are victims of persecution, natural disaster, or other things that forcemigration; 1 in every 500 people on the planet |
|
|
Deterritorializationand reterritorialization |
peopleleave one place and gather in another; examples include little Italy andChinatown |
|
|
Diaspora |
migrantpopulations located in many places, coming from a common place/culturalidentity |
|
|
Cultural Pluralism Multiculturalism |
multiplesubgroups of people whose ways of thinking and living vary, whose interestsmay be opposed, whose cooperation is not automatic; may identify as a commonculture but in reality have very different views, beliefs, identities, etc. societies where members ofdifferent cultural groups live side by side, surrounded by culturalheterogeneity; example: Western Europe and the refugee crisis |
|
|
Assimilation Accommodation |
encouraginga cultural minority to adopt the values/culture of the majority refraining from openlychallenging majoritarian cultural values, but maintaining minority culturalidentity |
|
|
Acculturation Culture Hybridization |
processby which cultures in contact borrow ideas and practices from one another,modifying or replacing traditional practices and ideas like clothing,technology, and music cultural borrowing that creates something entirely new, not merely a replica ofthe original |
