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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is anthropology?
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the science of humanity
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What are the four sub fields?
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cultural
physical/ biological archalogical linguistic |
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cultural anthropology is ...
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study of society and culture; with living people
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physical/ biological
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Studies human biological diversity, in both time and space
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archaeological
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reconstruct human behavior through analyzing material remains, examine artifacts, & understand how people made a living in the past
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linguistic
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study of language in its social and cultural context
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Where did the four-field approach emerge—and
why? |
northern U.S.
it's an artifact of colonialism |
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Which subfields is the most popular?
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Cultural Anhtro
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What are the four kinds of human adaptation?
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Cultural
Genetic Long term physical Short term Physical |
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Cultural
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– outside the body (genes) technology, behavior, environment;coat technology; not in your body
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Short term physiology
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– not being able to breathe cause of lack of O2; hyperventalating
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Long term physiological – body change over time but DNA doesn't change (red blood cells)
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– body change over time but DNA doesn't change; red blood cells
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Genetic
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– accur within in our DNA; passes onto our offspring (lung capacity); barrel chest
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Evolution
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process of formation or growth
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What tries to explain things we can't see?
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religion
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Basic Point of Evolution
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Species arise from other species through a gradual process of transformation; only the best-adapted organisms survive stresses and have differential reproductive success, thereby changing the species (microevolution)and leading to the creation of new species (macroevolution)
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Charles darwin
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most well known theorist of Evolution; wrote "On the Origin of Species"
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Darwinsim
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coined a scientific theory; natural selection
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Natural selection
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-Those individuals most fit to survive will reproduce in greater numbers in any
given environment than other individuals of the same population |
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Gregor Mendel
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-Discovered principles of genetic inheritance
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Scientific theory
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-An explanation that is:
-Simple -Testable -Correctable |
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This explanation of science must ...
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be observable
offer new info be tentative allow to be intervened and tested be correctable |
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Can religion be science ...
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No
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Chromosomes
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-Large macromolecules of DNA in cells
- 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs - in each pair, 1 from mom and 2 from dad |
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Genes
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-Each position on a chromosome is called a “gene”
-Genes determine, in whole or in part, a biological trait |
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Alleles
-“Alleles” are biochemically different forms of a given gene |
-Different alleles program for different forms of the same “feature”
that the gene controls -One allele comes from the mother, and one from the father |
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mitosis
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(regular cells)
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meiosis
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(sex cells)
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Taxonomy
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Superfamily
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-Superfamily Hominoidea (Hominoids) all apes + humans
-Family Hominidae (Hominids) gorillas, chimpanzees + humans -Tribe Hominini (Hominins) humans |
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Infraorders
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Platyrrhini and Catarrhini
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Apes
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o Hominoidae
o Gibbons o Orangutans o Gorillas o Chimpanzees |
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Commonalities
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Grasping
Smell to Sight Nose to Hand Brain Complexity Parental Investment Sociality |
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Homonims
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Human line after it broke off ape line
6-8 mya Bi-pedal, upright, |
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Hominids
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taxonomic “family” that includes humans, African
apes, and their immediate ancestors |
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Hominoid
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refers to humans, their ancestors, and all of the great apes
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K platyops
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from Kenya
flat faced |
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Australopithecus (Lucy)
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immediate predecessor of the Homo
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H. halibus
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1.8-1.7 mya
small as Lucy limbs were ape like larger brain 600-700cc |
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H. erectus
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1.9 mya
brain size grew 900-1000cc Modern body shape |
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Archaic Homo Sapiens
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300,00-28,000 ya
1st in western europe brain size like humans Neanderthals fall in this range |
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Anatomically Modern HS.'s
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130,000 - present
1st in Africa |
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H. Floresiensis
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From small island of Indonesia of Flores
small skulls had fire and tools |
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Archaeological Methods
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Surveying, excavation, experimental,
ethnoarchaeology |
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Surveying
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walking and observing the sites
analyzing sites of interests |
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excavating
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digging carefully
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Experimental
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Experimental
Historical Nautical |
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Dating Techniqeus
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Relative
Absolute |
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Relative dating
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estimate according ; one thing is older than they other
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Absolute Dating
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exact set of numbers giving age
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Stratigraphy
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studies the layer of rocls
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Carbon -14 dating
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uses the decay of carbon 14 to estimate the age of organic materials
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dendrochronology
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tree ring dating
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fluorine analysis
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determines the amount of time an object has been underground
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What do we mean by “culture”?
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system of symbols that allows people to interpret and act in the
world |
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Symbols
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A symbol is something that stands for something else in some capacity
-Symbols are relatively arbitrary -Only humans have true symbols in this sense |
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Ethnography
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The “firsthand personal study of local settings”
-Typically through immersed, prolonged fieldwork |
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ethnology
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studying ethnography
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Participant-observation
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-“deep hanging out”
-Pay attention to everything -Importance of developing familiarity, rapport, and trust -Field notes -Personal diary |
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Enculturation
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just that
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Cultural relativism
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judging other cultures by your own culture's standards
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ethonocentrism
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NOT judging other cultures by the standards of your own
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THOMPSON’S NOSE RULE
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-LONG AND NARROW FOR BETTER BREATHING IN COLD AIR ENVIRO
-SHORT AND BROAD FOR HOT WEAHTER |
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o Bergman
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– body mass big bodies live in cold areas; lots of body fat
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o Allen’s rule
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– appendeges – longest arms and legs live in warm climates
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