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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two Categories of Racism
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Overt and Embedded
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Overt Racism
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name calling or racial slurs (blatant)
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Embedded Racism
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more subtle forms of racism that often go unnoticed as “racist” (ie. forms of institutionalized racism)
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White Privilege
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a form of embedded racism wherein “white” people are granted greater power, prestige, and/or access to resources
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Edmonds’ Brazil example
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White privilege as an outgrowth of colonialism here: colourism, here the race of a person can be changed/manipulated, huge cosmetic surgery industry (60% of people have had plastic surgery)! Seen as a means of acquiring privilege and status— government will subsidize you for plastic surgery if you can not afford it!! Direct outgrowth of colonialism: darker skinned people will often undergo plastic surgery to give then more stereotypically white features or bleach their skin.
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White privilege and Colonialism
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europeans seizing non-western parts of the world (at the time) and imposed own forms of government: using people for labour/harvesting the natural resources; white skin associated with power, privilege, and money (even beauty)
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Whiteness and what it means
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Is normative- everyone else is made “ethnic” or multicultural in relation to ‘white” people.is unmarked: unnoticed; the “default”is not enthicized/racializedis hegemonic
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White Privilege in El Bario
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Bourgois: Illusion of the American Dream. Structural violence or victimization people experience racism and classism whenever they leave El Bario limiting people’s opportunities for succeeding (in education, in work etc.) Drug economy- a means of achieving “respect” because they lack- cultural capital to succeed in mainstream society! Myth of meritocracy: no matter how hard they try they experience classism and racism: selling crack becomes a version of attaining the “american dream”- lack cultural capital: not the right clothes, accent, etc.
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Eva Mackey: Hierarchies of Canadianness
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Canadian law and dominant culture is predicated upon white Euro-Canadian values and aesthetics, called “Canadian-Canadian” culture; How we imagine ourselves and the realities are very different: hierarchies of Canadianness: unstated, unmarked but come out in public performances (passport thing)
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2006 Filipino-Canadian
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“cutlery controversy”: eat rice with fingers and using spoon and fork to eat rice because this is a cultural thing- teacher said this was wrong and sent him home: got suspended and principle (white privilege) imposed own cultural experiences onto family.
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Islamophobia in Canadian Government
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Stephen Harper vows to reinstate ban on niqab during citizenship ceremonies : argues veiling is a symbol of gendered inequalities SO DUMB
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sex
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A fluid definition of differences in biology b/twn people. Not a dichotomy!
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Gender
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Culturally constructed- learned masculinity and femininity from assigned gender or gender expectation. Not a dichotomy!
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Peggy Reeves Sanday
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Male Frats: place heavy emphasis on male bonding and male-bonding behaviour and they confer a sense of identity and status upon members: emphasize heterosexual sex and sexual conquest of womenwomen as sex objects. Privileges hegemonic masculinity as normative: sense of masculinity means to constantly reaffirm heterosexuality: phallocentric
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David Murray
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Interested in Caribbean (Island of Martinique) construction of hegemonic masculinity: found it was in affirmation of heterosexuality: men engage in homosocial: male bonding experiences: sitting in public and discussing women- catcalling, speaking of sexual exploits etc
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Western Women's Bodies and Fat
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There is a "cult of thinness". Fat: as seen as out of controlled and undisciplined, unhealthy- often placed unfairly on certain bodies. Women's bodies are places in hierarchies by society.
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Body Size in West and Central Africa
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Obesity as a sign of status: women often sent to fatting houses by fathers and generally the fatter you are the higher your status: wealth, fertility,absence of disease.
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ethnographic analogy
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Used carefully and selectively: comparing lifestyle of past group of people to contemporary group that might have a similar lifestyle
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Margaret Conket and Janet Spector
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Until 1970s: archeology had an andocentric bias, looked at this male bias in Indian Knoll.
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Indian Knoll in Kentucky
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Shell midden/1200 burials found, dating to 6100-4500 BP (before present) occupies 2.5 acres (threw shells into big garbage heap and buried dead there) Excavated in 1916 by CB Moore and then again in 1930s and 40s by William Webb found parts of ataltls or spear-throwers76 burials with these weights, 31 with adult males, 13 with females and 18 with children“hardly to be supposed that infants children and women would have practical use in life for an atalatl” example of andocentric bias Importance of caution when interpreting pygmies (Bambuti) women and children involved in h and g
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Rosemary Joyce
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Studied Ancient Maya: analyzes iconography on maya architecture like stelae. Used to be assumed that women’s major role was domestic and they were subservient to men - we know from images and writing that women played complementary roles. She argues that women were not subservient and that they would do different but equal tasks to men
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Order
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The different ways in which societies maintain a conflict-free status quo. Different societies will have different ways of maintaining it (bands, tribes vs states). The larger the population, the more difficult it is to monitor people and impose order. Therefore, larger societies impose order on people through large-scale institutions
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Social Control and Scale of Society
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In small-scale face-to-face groups, social control is less formal and more likely to be based only on normsIn large-scale societies, norms regulate daily life but so do laws
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Two ways of maintaining order
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Norm: accepted standard for behaviour, usually unwritten (all cultures have this)
Law: A binding rule about behaviour |
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Bands/Hunters and Gatherers/Foragers
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50-70 people, nomadic, no agriculture- No formal leaders- generally everyone participates in decision making, occasionally informal leaders are elected for a day (ie hunting leader etc.).
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How is order maintained in Bands/Hunters+Gatherers/Foragers Societies?
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Through informal means/norms, gossip, story-telling, collective responsibility. If someone is particularly objectionable (possessive, taking more than they need etc.) then they just leave and go to another band (asked to leave or leave on their own accord).
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Bands
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Create a bias against violence as a means of establishing order: emphasis on sharing and cooperation “everyone has legit claim to what the group possesses”
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Richard Lee
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Studied the Ju’hoansi (!Kung). Found they have responsibility to share; condemn boasting and no one is praised (bought the ox and people were put off by his proud demeanour)- even outsiders must share, no one is singled out for “special” things they did
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Tribes
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Comprised of several bands (up to ~1000 people). All people have similar lifestyle, language and territory, and members are know each other and are related. Leadership combines bother achieved and ascribed status tend not to be nomadichave norms and some laws Leader (“headman” or “chief”) resolves conflictPractice horticulture (small scale farming, growing crops for the family/yourself) or agriculture Eg. Yanomami
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States
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~Several thousand or more people, monopolize the use of force and maintain law and order, define what a citizen, rights, and responsibilities are. Censuses, taxation, and provision of social services are also included.
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Social Control in States
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Increased specialization of roles involved in social controlFormal trials and courts, lawyers, judgesPoliceMilitaryPower-enforced forms of punishment, such as prisons and the death penalty
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Witchcraft!
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An individual who is widely believed to be able to manipulate spirits, via magic, for their own purposes. Witches are normally perceived as malevolent. Accusations are a means of restoring order, peace, health, and equilibrium in many societies - pushing people to adopt status quo With a few exceptions in some cultures (Wicca) seen as inherently evil has certain physical traitsReversals of behaviourUsually inherited condition (ex: witch’s mark in Europe, inherited a disc in intestines etc.)
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Azande of Southern Sudan
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Tribal community colonized by British in early 20th century. Originally practices polygyny but British imposed monogamy. Witchcraft: People accuse those they are jealous of (egalitarianism is really emphasized therefore jealousy is looked down upon)People accuse those they believe are jealous of them. People accuse those who are different in some way: when unusual things happen to someone (bad luck become witchcraft so they look around to see who is “out to get them”) If accused of witchcraft and found guilty they would have to do chores but prior to colonialism they would have been killed (this is an embarrassing thing)
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Witchcraft and Control
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Form of social control: acts as a deterrent- fear of social ridicule and gossip means that people will think twice about ignoring social norms. Important in times of crisis: huge numbers of witchcraft accusations during these times (ie natural disasters, sicknesses, etc.), and in times of colonialism: indigenous peoples viewing colonists and missionaries as witches: spread of epidemics.
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George Bush and 2003 Invasion of Iraq
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As a“duty” a defence of “freedom” and an opportunity to promote/cultivate nationalismWar justified to “liberate” Iraqis from an “enemy” which has “no regard for rules” and is an uncivilized “outlaw regime” To find/destroy weapons of mass destruction. Campaign now to reduce resources/loss of life later. “No ambition in Iraq” - no economic ambition lol ya right “OIL” Appeal to God to “bless” the country and the mission
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Nation-State
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A Country!
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Nation
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An imagined community: when a group of people perceive themselves as one people, united on the basis of commonalities (territory, civic responsibility, politics e.g.. democracy). It is a culturally constructed, emotional affiliation of belonging
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Nationalism
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Feelings of patriotism/pride for one's "nation". Civic and ethnic.
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Ethnicity vs. Race
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Ethnicity refers to a group of people who possess a myth of a shared heritage/ancestry and amy include any of the following: shared race, religion, language, territory, or other factors whereas race is built solely based on appearance.
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Ethnic Nationalism
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When a nation is defined primarily in terms of ethnicity.
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Civic Nationalism
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Based on government level mainstream pride
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Ethnic Nationalism
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Nationalism defined based on ethnicity- v different from civic as civic does not include ethnicity in Canada (esp). Not necessarily bad but…
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Downfalls of Ethnic Nationalism
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“Othering” and exclusion can occurMake use of naturalizing discourses (eg. “rootedness” and “territorialization”) Talking about something as if it is natural/biological as opposed to cultural (ie gender, race, religion etc.)Can occasionally lead to “extreme” nationalisms — ethnic cleansing
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Former Yugoslavia
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Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Slovenia c.1990. Under communist rule, citizens were encouraged to ID as Yugoslavian and were not encouraged to relate to ethnic difference. 1989, Berlin Wall fell and countries that used to be Yugoslavia developed independence. Gradual development of ethnic nationalism- 3-way struggle for control of Bosnia- Serbs, Croats, and Muslims over the course of 3 years causing war.
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We are all neighbours
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Anthropologist Tone Bringa in community of mostly Catholics and Muslims: neighbours in the 80s were like family- but when returned in 1995 the friendliness is still there but the Serb forces are encroaching and the culture of fear grows over three months- neighbours eventually start killing each other.
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Pierre can den Berghe
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Said: "The threat or use of physical violence is a means of creating and legitimizing the nation-state"
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Ethic cleansing
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Khmer Rouge in Cambodia- between 1975 and 1979 two million of its 7 million citizens murdered1994,
Rwanda- 800,000 people murdered (ethnic conflict/nationalism) Nazi Germany, up to 11 million murdered, approx. 6 million of which were Jewish |
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Ethnocide
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Refers to attempts to eliminate a culture; the “social death” of a culture: may come in the form of forced contraception or sterilization.
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Ethnocide in Canada
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First Nations communities in Canada and residential schools— sterilization of children due to Sexual Sterilization Acr (1928 in Alberta, 1933 in BC); 3500 children sterilizedHigh death rates from tuberculosis and infectious diseases (unequal access to health care and otherwise preventable diseases, in residential schools etc.)
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Acculturation in Canada
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Residential SchoolsPromoted to the Mainstream “white” Canadian told not to maintain their culture, detached from families and culture children needed to act “white” to succeed in Canadian society forcibly persuade a group of people to act like the dominant culture/absorb the dominant culture: language, clothing, etc. (structural violence)
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Carol Cohn
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Studies government defence analysts in the US: particular discourse about violence- how do they justify violence: distance themselves- “How are people whose job it is to plan nuclear destruction able to do it?”
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Techno-strategic Language
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Clean bombs (fusion bombs), penetration aids (technologies to help missiles get behind enemy lines), collateral damage (human death), surgical strikes (bombs that take out military targets). Discourse used to distance themselves from the consequence of actions“The destruction of human lives- was hidden behind metaphors and euphemisms” (involves use of domestic language)
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Globalization
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Refers to increasing interconnectedness as a result of changes in technology, communications, growth of tourism, transportation, free trade agreements, etc.
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Third gender
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A gender given to someone who does not fit within strictly masculine or feminine gender roles in a given society, recognized by many Native American societies such as Lakota and Cheyenne
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Michael Taft
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Studied theatrical and ritual transvestism in Prairies, mock weddings: role reversal, men often exaggerating women's physique + behaviour, suggests men do this because they feel insecure in farming business (rely on government etc.) while women moreindependent doing male jobs on farm and working part-time
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Emily Martin
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Studied gender stratification, found it is embedded in language and ideology of North American societies. Female reproductive system seen as negative, male seen as positive.
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Hegemonic Masculinity
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Refers to ideals and norms of masculinity in a society, which are often privileged over others.
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Mimi Nichter
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Studied adolescent girls and self-esteem related to body image; girls would rather be skinny than fat, and overweight children are judged by their peers and teachers.
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Peggy McIntosh
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Unpacking the Invisible Backpack: looked at white privilege and came up with a long list of advantages that white people in Western Countries experience.
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Social Organization
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rules+ structures that govern relations within a group of interacting people
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Groups
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The social units society is divided into
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Statuses
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The social positions within groups
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Roles
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The appropriate behaviour patterns prescribed for particular statuses.
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political organization
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society’s formal + informal institutions that regulate a population’s collective acts
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gender roles
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culturally prescribed behaviour associated with men and women; roles can vary from society to society
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Gender Ideology
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culturally prescribed values assigned to the task and status of men and women; values can vary from society tosociety
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Berdaches
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Third gendered men among Plains Indian societies
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Aunger + Bailey
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Studied BaMbuti and their hunting with nets or with bow and arrows: hunting technique depended on women. If women wanted to work in garden, men used bow and arrows as individual hunting. If women wanted to hunt, smaller gardens and used nets as collective hunting.
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Prudence Rice
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Discovered pottery made by hand = made by women and that pottery made with wheel = made by men in Maya culture.
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Gender in Maya
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Rosemary Joyce: Women often displayed making food, serving people. Men displayed holding weapons. The Cargo system: wealthy, married man selected annually to direct the ceremonial system, holds number of feasts accompanied by rituals, his wife acts as his assistant.
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Kinship
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socially recognized network of relationships through which individuals are related to one another by ties of descent (real orimagined)
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Bilateral Descent
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Bilateral descent: kinship system where relatives are traced equally on both the mother’s + father’s side
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Patrilineal Descent
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unilineal descent system in which ancestry is traced through male line
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Patrilineage
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individuals who share a line of patrilineal descent
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Matrilineal Descent
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unilineal descent system in which ancestry is traced through female line
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Matrilineage
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individuals who share a line of matrilineal descent
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Clan
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group of matri/patrilineages who see themselves as descended from a (sometimes mythical) ancestor
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Moieties
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2 groups of clans that perform reciprocal ceremonial obligations, often intermarry
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Christopher Peebles + Susan Kus
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Studied burials of Moundville. 2 types of mounds 1) residential 2) burial. (discovered by Vernon Knight), was a chiefdom.
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Exotic
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material culture that was not produced/found locally
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Direct Acquisition
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Form of trade, from the source- to procure raw material directly.
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Down-the-Line Trade
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An exchange system good going from group to group, farther from the source.
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Hopewell
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Group with cultural tradition of hunting gathering, horticulture, known for mortuary rituals, constructed geometric earthworks.
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Kiowa Brave Deeds
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Group I: counting 1st coup, charging enemy while party in retreat, rescuing comrade, charging before parties have met
Group II: killing an enemy, counting 2nd coup, receiving wound in hand-to-hand combat Group III: dismounting, turning horse loose, fighting on foot, counting 3rd + 4th coup, raid leader, stealing horses |
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Examples of Peaceful Societies
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Ju/’hoansi, Semai of Malaysia and Xingu.
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Gender Equality and peace
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Peaceful societies = equality between men + women
Violent societies = male dominance (centralized control, competition for scarce resources, private property, sexism = violence) |
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Cultural Appropriation
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Borrowing other people’s culture: can be harmful: misuse of slang/appropriation of slang (language), religious/spiritual imagery, etc. Devalues the origins of the culture and/or its meaning. Can lead to the production of ESSENTIALIST views of culture!
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Khoi Khoi woman from South Africa
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“The Hottentot Venus” lured by British doctors to England and put on display: essentially became a slave
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Inukshuk and Cultural Appropriation
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Vancouver Olympic symbol, appropriated from Inuit culture: traditionally used as place markers for events/things that happened permanently: ex. a grave, a hunting ground, etc. They were not asked whether this symbol could be used by the Olympic committee or not- they were making money off of it and none of the money was going to the Inuit people.
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Steven L. Rubinstein
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Studied The Shuar/Jivaro: Natural History Museum had a shrunken head exhibition- went with his Jivaro friends to see the exhibit and his friends were shocked and fascinated by them (not part of their life- they felt very distant from it). New Yorkers were fascinated by them- found them exotic, and this offended the Jivaro people, this is not a part of their culture anymore and there was no history about the Jivaro people in the exhibition. The museum presented an essentialist representation.
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The Shuar/Jivaro and shrunken heads
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Remote group of people living in parts of Peru and Ecuador: until late 1800s there was a long tradition of killing male enemies in warfare, decapitating them and shrinking down the head- the Shuar would trade heads for weapons, kitchen equipment, hunting equipment etc. connected with their spirituality: done because it is aligned with their belief that the enemy’s soul will haunt you and your family if you do not kill it- by decapitating the person and shrinking the head the spirit was killed protecting yourself and you family
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Core vs. Periphery
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dominant “first world nations” vs. “developing nations", critique of representations of the periphery by the core- what affects do these representations have?
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Jason Rodriguez
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Wrote: “Colour-Blind Ideology and the Cultural Appropriation of Hip-Hop”. Looked at how hip-hop is perceived by those who consume it and found largely white demographic of fans. They use “discursive resources to take the racially coded meaning out of hip-hop and replace them with colour-blind ones”“The mass marketing of racially coded cultural symbols such as hip-hop allows whites to experience a felt similarity with communities of colour”. “They seek to acquire the characteristics of blackness associated with being cool”.
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Colour-Blindness
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The dominant racial ideology in North America, it points that everyone is equal and that race doesn’t matter, or that it is a thing of the past. Replacing black emancipation with “universal” emancipation.
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Plastic Shamans and White Medicine Men
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Documentary that deals with the popularization and commercialization of Native American spiritual traditions by Non-Indians. Culture where there is a democratization of knowledge vs. Native American cultures where knowledge is a privilege that must be earned.
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Shamanism and Shamans
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Dominant religious belief within Native communities, Shamans being the spiritual leaders and also healers (earned through years of apprenticeship.
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Immanuel Wallerstein
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Developed the "World Systems Theory" in the 1970s: Core periphery: Nations that have the most money Semi periphery: developing or third world nations, less resources, nothing to sell but their labour
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Neo-colonialism
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The persistence of colonialism in supposed "decolonized" countries such as Canada and the United States: Examples include multi-nationalists like Starbucks Walmart.
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Localization
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How cultures interpret and ascribe their own meanings to various “global” phenomenonImplies that many groups have agency and do not passively accept globalizatio
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New age spiritualists
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Involves cultural appropriation of non-Western spiritual/religious tradition. Rose in popularity during the 60's esp. for the middle class. Chose bits and pieces of various religions to fit their needs.
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Economic Consequences of Globalization
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World economic relationships are predicated upon system of exploitation that began with colonialism. Unequal relationships among different countries in the world arise.
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