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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anthropology |
A discipline that studies humans, focussing on the differences and similarities |
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Culture |
the set of learned behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values and ideals of a particular society |
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Holistic |
an approach that studies many aspects of a multifaceted system |
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Biological anthropology |
study of humans as biological organisms, dealing with emergence and evolution of humans and with contemporary biological variations |
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Human paleontology/paleoanthropology |
the study of emergence of humans and their later physical evolution
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Fossils |
the harden remains or impressions of plants and animals that live in the past |
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Human Variation |
the study of how and why contemporary human populations vary biologically |
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Primatology |
study of primates |
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Primates |
member of the mammalian order primates, divided into the two suborders of prosimians and anthropoids |
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Cultural Anthropology |
the study of cultural variation and universals in the past and present |
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Archaeology |
branch of anthropology that seeks to reconstruct the daily life and customs of peoples who lived in the past |
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Anthropology Linguistics |
anthropological study of languages |
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Linguists |
study of language |
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Historical Linguistics |
study of how language changes over time |
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Descriptive Linguistics |
the study of how languages are constructed |
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Sociolinguistics |
study of cultural and subcultural patterns of speaking in different social contexts |
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Ethnology |
study of how and why recent cultures defer and are similar |
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Ethnologists |
study ethnology |
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Ethnography |
description of a society's customary behaviors and ideas |
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Ethnohistorian |
an ethnologist who uses historical documents to study how a particular culture changes over time |
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Cross-cultural Researcher |
ethnologist who uses ethnographic data about many societies to test possible explanations of cultural variation to discover general patterns about cultural traits |
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Applied Anthropology |
branch of anthropology that concerns itself with applying anthropological knowledge to achieve practical goals |
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Forensic Anthropology |
application of anthropology, usually physical anthropology, to help identify human remains and assist in solving crimes |
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Medical Anthropology |
application of anthropological knowledge to the study of health and illness |
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Subculture |
the shared customs of a subgroup within a society |
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Ethnocentrism |
the attitude that other society's customs and ideas can be judged in the context of ones own culture |
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Cultural Relativism |
the attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be viewed in the context of that society's problems and opportunities |
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Ethnocide |
destruction of an entire culture |
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Genocide |
destruction of an entire race |
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Norms |
standards or rules about acceptable behavior in a society |
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Maladaptive Customs |
cultural traits that diminish the changes of survival and reproduction in a particular envrionment |
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Adaptive Customs |
cultural traits that enhance survival and reproductive success in a particular environment |
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Diffusion |
The borrowing by one society of a cultural trait belonging to another society as a result of contact between the two societies |
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Acculturation |
the process of extensive borrowing of aspects of culture in the context of superordinate -subordinate relations between societies |
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Revolution |
unusually violent replacement of a societies rulers |
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Ethnogenesis |
creation of a new culture |
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Globalization |
the ongoing spread of goods, people, information, and capital around the world |
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Explanation |
an answer to a why question |
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Variables |
a thing or quantity that varies |
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Laws |
associations or relationships that almost all scientist accept |
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Statistical Association |
a relationship or correlation between two or more variables that is unlikely to be due to chance |
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Theories |
explanations of associations or laws |
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Theoretical Construct |
something that cannot be observed or verified directly |
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Falsification |
why theories cannot be proven |
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Hypothesis |
predictions, which may be derived from theories, about how variables are related |
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Operational Definition |
description of the procedure that is followed in measuring a variable |
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Measure |
to describe how something compares with other things on some scale of variation |
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Fieldwork |
first hand experience with the people being studied in the usual means by which anthropological information is obtained
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Participant Observation |
living among the people being studied-observing, questioning, and taking part in the important events of the group |
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Cross-Cultural Research |
an ethnologists who uses ethnographic data about many societies to test possible explanations of cultural variation to discover general patterns about cultural traits |
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Franz Boas |
founder of cultural relativism |
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Functionalism |
cultural characteristics that help us achieve basic human needs |
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Clause Levi-Strauss |
a French anthropologist (father of modern anthropology) |
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Karl Marx |
a German philosopher |
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Bouregeoisie |
the middle class |
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Gender |
what society views you as |
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Sex |
born as male or female, biological parts |
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Gods |
supernatural beings on nonhuman origin who are named personalities; often anthropomorphic |
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Witchcraft |
the practice of attempting to harm people by supernatural means, but through emotions and thought alone, not throughout the use of tangible objects |
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Economy |
production bartering and trading of goods in a society |
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Food Collection and Foraging |
obtains wild plant and animal resources through gathering, hunting, scavenging or fishing |
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Hunter-gatherers |
people who collect food from naturally occurring resources, this is, wild plants, animals and fish. |
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Food Production |
the form of subsistence technology in which food getting is dependent on the cultivation and domestication of plants and animals |
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Horticulture |
plant cultivation carried out with relativity simple tools and methods; nature is allowed to replace nutrients in the soil, in the absence of permanently cultivated fields |
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Intensive Agriculture |
food production characterized by the permanent cultivation of fields and made possible by the use of the plow, draft animals or machines, fertilizes, irrigation, water storage techniques, and other complex agricultural techniques |
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Pastoralism |
form of subsistence technology in which food getting is based directly or indirectly on the maintenance of domesticated animals |
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Slash-And-Burn |
a form of shifting cultivation in which the natural vegetation is cut down and burnt off |
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Commercialization |
the increasing dependence on buying and selling, with money usually as the medium of exchange |
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Domestication |
regular human interference with the brief production of other species in ways that make them beneficial to ourselves, foragers do not rely on this |
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Reciprocity |
giving and taking without the use of money |
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Generalized Reciprocity |
gift giving without any immediate or planned return |
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Balanced Reciprocity |
giving with the expectation of a straight forward immediate or limited time trade |
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Redistribution |
the accumulation of goods by a particular person or in a particular place and their subsequent distribution |
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Market of Commercial Exchange |
transactions in which the prices are subject to supply and demand |
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General-Purpose Money |
a universally accepted medium of exchange |
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Cash Crops |
a cultivated commodity raised for sale rather than for personal consumption by the cultivator |
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Capitalism |
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry do control by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. |
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Scarcity |
not enough to survive or fulfill economic demand |
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Nuclear Family |
a family consisting of a married couple and their young family |
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Coercisive |
political support derived from threats, use of force, or the promise of short-term gain |
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Negotiation |
two parties agree on a settlement without mediation |
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Mediation |
The process by which a third party tries to bring about a settlement in the absence of formal authority to force a settlement |
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Bloodwealth |
d |
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Tribe |
a territorial population in which there are kin or non-kin groups with representatives in a number of local groups |
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Chiefdom |
a political unit, with a chief at its head, integrating more than one community, but not necessarily the whole society or language group |
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Redistributive Economics State |
fd |
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Social Stratification |
a |
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Order |
fd |
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Slavery |
a |
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Sumptuary |
relating to or denoting laws that limit private expenditure on food or personal items |
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Wealth |
a abundance of valuable possessions or money |
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Complex Societies |
societies with divisions of labor, hierarchy organization, and state politics |
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Acephalous |
no longer having a head |
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National Ideology |
d |
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Authority |
the power or right to give orders |
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Law Codes |
d |
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Nation |
df |
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Nationalism |
patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts |
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Patriotism |
cultural attachement to one's homeland or devotion to one's country |
