Anthro Exam 3 Cards

Front 1

Nation

Back 1

old meaning: sysnonymous with "ethnic group"

new meaning: synonymous with "state" or "nation-state"

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Nationalism

Back 2

identification with nation over regional, class, or ethnic identity

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Ethnocide

Back 3

actions which have the long-term effect of, for example, reducing birthrates, interfering with education or transmission of culture to future generations of a group, or erasing the group's existence or practices from the historical record

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Genocide

Back 4

the systematic killing of, or a program intended to destroy, a whole national or ethnic group

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Core

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the most powerful nations who dominate international economy (Wallerstein World systems theory). Monopolizes the most profitable activities

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Semi-periphery and periphery

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(Third world, underdeveloped). Less power, wealth, and influence

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Consumption

Back 7

a common theme of transnational culture

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Advertising

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a means for creating or disseminating transnational culture

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Goal of transnational advertising

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get everybody to think and act like good consumers

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Signifier

Back 10

element of signs: material object, word, or picture

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Signified

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element of signs: the meaning ascribed to the material object, word, or picture

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Advertisements

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"assemblages of signs that produce the meanings that help sell products and thus promote consumer ideology"

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Transference

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Connects signifier with signified outcome. E.g. smoking Camels makes you "cool"

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Transnational culture

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culture that is not bound to a single locality - common theme is consumption, advertising is a means for creating or disseminating it.

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bourgeoisie

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one of Carl Marx's opposed classes: owners of the means of production (factories, mines, large farms, and other sources of substance)

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Capital

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wealth or resources invested in business, with the intent of producing a profit

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Capitalist world economy

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The single world system, which emerged in the 16th century, committed to production for sale, with the object of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs

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Colonialism

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the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time

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communism (lowercase c)

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describes a social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good

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Communism (capital C)

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a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and to establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union from 1917-1991

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Imperialism

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a policy of extending the rule of a nation or empire over foreign nations and of taking and holding foreign colonies

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Indigenous peoples

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the original inhabitants of particular territories; often descendants of tribes people who live on as culturally distinct colonized peoples, many of whom aspire to autonomy

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Industrial Revolution

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the historical transformation (in Europe, after 1750) of "traditional" into "modern" societies through industrialization of the economy

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intervention philosophy

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guiding principle of colonialism, conquest, missionization, or development; an ideological justification for outsiders to guide native peoples in specific directions

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neoliberalism

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revival of Adam Smith's classic economic liberalism, the idea that governments should not regulate private enterprise and that free market forces should rule; a currently dominant intervention philosophy

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postcolonial

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referring to interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized (mainly after 1800); more generally, "postcolonial" may be used to signify a position against imperialism and Eurocentrism

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Proletariat (working class)

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those who must sell their labor to survive; the antithesis of the bourgeoisie in Marx's class analysis

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World-system theory

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argument for the historic and contemporary social, political, and economic significance of an identifiable global system, based on wealth and power differentials, that extends beyond individual countries

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Globalization

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the accelerating interdepednece of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems

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Anthropology and education

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anthropological research in classrooms, homes and neighborhoods viewing students as total cultural creatures whose enculturation and attitudes towards educuation belong to a larger context that includes families, peers, and society

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applied anthropology

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the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems

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curer

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specialized role acquired through a culturally appropriate process of selection, training, certification, and acquisition of a professional image. The curer is consulted by patients who believe in his/her special powers and receive some form of special consideration, a cultural universal

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development anthropology

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the branch of applied anthro that focuses on social issues in and the cultural dimension of economic development

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disease

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an etic or scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen

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health care systems

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beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with ensuring health and preventing and curing illness, a cultural universal

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illness

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an emic condition of poor health felt by individual

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equity, increased

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a reduction in absolute poverty and a farer ("more even") distribution of wealth

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medical anthropology

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unites biological and cultural anthropologists in the study of disease, health problems, health care systems, and theories about illness in different cultures and ethnic groups

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overinnovation

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characteristic of development projects that require major changes in peoples daily live, especially ones that interfere with customary subsistence pursuits

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scientific medicine

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as distinguished from western medicine, a health care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures encompassing such fields as pathology, microbiology, biochemistry, surgery, diagnostic technology, and applications

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underdifferentiation

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planning fallacy of viewing less-developed countries as an undifferentiated group, ignoring cultural diversity and adopting a uniform approach (often ethnocentric) for very different types of project beneficiaries

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urban anthropology

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the anthropological study of life in and around world cities including urban social problems, differences between urban and other environments, and adaptation to city life

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intervention philosophy

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an ideological justification to guide native peoples in specific directions

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agency (can be passive or active)

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the capacity of human beings to affect their own life chances and those of others and to play a role in the formation of the social realities in which they participate

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cultural determinism

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people unthinkingly and uncritically adhere to cultural rules. Culture is a barrier to development

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rational choice

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people making choices based on careful consideration of situation to maximize their short and long-term benefits

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Development according to Ferguson

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"a machine for reinforcing and expanding state bureaucratic power"

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lopping

Back 48

seasonally chopping off small branches that contain leaves to use as animal fodder

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cultural imperialism

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the spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others or its imposition on other societies which it modifies, replaces, or destroys - usually because of differential economic or political influence

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hegemony

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dominance of one social group over another by means of an ideology that justifies why a stratified social order (e.g. by socioeconomics, race/ethnicity/gender) is in everybody's best interest
goal: get subordinate groups to comply with stratified social order without using coercion

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public transcript

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public interactions between dominators and oppressed

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hidden transcript

Back 52

critique of power by the oppressed that occurs in domains hidden from the eyes of the oppressors

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diffusion

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mechanism of culture change: borrowing between cultures either directly or through intermediaries

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acculturation

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mechanism of culture change: changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact - changes in the cultural patterns of either or both groups

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antimodernism

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the rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, pure, and better way of life based on disillusionment with industrialization, globalization, and developments in science, technology, and consumerist patterns

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diaspora

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the offspring of an area that have spread to many lands

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essentialism

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the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed

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hegemonic reading

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the meaning of a text (including varied cultural products) as defined by its creators or other elites

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indigenized

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modified to fit the local culture

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postmodern

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in its most general sense, describes the blurring and breakdown of established cannons (rules and standards) categories, distinctions, and boundaries

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postmodernism

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a style of movement in architecture that succeed modernism. Compared with modernism, postmodernism is less geometric, less functional, less austere, more playful, and more willing to include elements from diverse times and cultures. Postmodern now describes comparable developments in music, literature, and visual art.

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postmodernity

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condition of a world in flux, with people on the move in which established groups, boundaries, identities, contrasts, and standards are reaching out and breaking down

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text

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something that is creatively "read", interpreted, and assigned meaning by each person who receives it; includes any media-born image such as Carnival

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Westernization

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the acculturative influence of Western expansion on other cultures