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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Native Americans in 18th century |
Great Chain of Being Savage Primordial Small pop. Simple Less evolved Born into it |
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Native Americans in 19th-20th century |
Created tribes for political manipulation of peoples the means for implementing indirect rule Created Native Reserves |
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Unilineal Evolution |
Morgan Marx/Engles Service |
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L.H. Morgan |
Social Organization by marriage Savages- promiscuity Barbarians- polygamy Civilization- monogamy |
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Marx/Engles |
Economic organization Tribalism- family Communalism- state Feudalism- lords Capitalism- privatization |
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Elman Service |
Political organization Band- kinship and egalitarian (simple) Tribes- leadership based on ability Chiefdoms- stratified and leadership based on inheritance States- stratified and leadership based on power (complicated) |
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Contrasting Ideologies |
Indigenous Culture- maximize social equality and domestic self-sufficiency; Disenfranchised, marginalized, cultural minority. Global Cultures- promote individualism and wealth inequality |
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Ecocide |
destruction of the environment |
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Genocide |
death of cultural group |
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Ethnocide |
destruction of a cultural group |
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Indigenous pop. in 1800 |
200 million 20% of population |
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Indigenous pop. in 2014 |
370 million 5 % of population |
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Problems with Unilineal Evolution categories |
No consistency Ethnocentric No political autonomy Idea that non-western technology is simple and eurocentric Not isolated from other languages and religions |
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Snyder Act |
U.S. citizenship |
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Where do most Native Americans live? |
Cities |
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Who can take away Native American land? |
Congress |
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Law of Native Americans |
Unique legal status Sovereign governments who deal with governmental relations with Congress |
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Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) |
manages federal relations with tribes and individual Indian citizens Placed within Department of the Interior (along with fish, minerals, and natural resources) |
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Doctrine of Discovery- Manifest Destiny |
1st Discovery (claim land) Actual occupancy European title Indian title (property rights lost) Limited rights Contiguous land (if landed on river, own all streams and links) Terra nullius (if land looks unoccupied, can take. Even if it is used seasonal) Christianity Civilization Conquest |
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American Melting Pot |
Want us to assimilate into one big culture Washington- Indians turn into farmers not hunters/gatherers Jefferson- same, wanted them to give up their ways of life to be more like whites |
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Scientific Racism |
Linnaeus- classified- reddish, single-minded, and guided by tradition Morton- racist- human intelligence based on skull size |
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Allotment Act of 1887 |
Purpose to make Indians farmers Millions of Acres lost of Indian reservations |
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Education |
Forced children to go to school at age of 5, living away from their parents Assimilated them to be like whites and all the same only 52% finished high school |
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Termination Act |
Extreme form of Assimilation An end of all reservations, federal obligations and sovereign rights, including those promised by treaties Dillion S. Myer- Japanese Interment Camps |
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Rape |
1/3 NA women raped 70% raped by non-NA men |
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Complex Foragers |
Specialized technology Social Hierarchies Salmon No agriculture, just hunting/gathering |
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Potlatch |
Chiefs taking wealth and inviting everyone for a feast; Give away wealth to secure alliances, |
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Nisqually |
Chief Leschi would not assent to treaty Land lost and set aside WW2 Over fishing and population explosion led to loss of salmon- blamed on Nisqually |
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50/50 share of fish |
Judge Boldt did not agree Natives get 50% of fish to harvest/eat, rest to locals Native American Equal Opportunity Act- would eliminated all Indian treaty rights- did not pass |
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1830 Indian Removal Act |
Forced genocide Andrew Jackson'All Native Americans were forced to leave to Oklahoma |
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Social Stratification |
Society formally divides members into strata with unequal wealth, prestige and power. |
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Ascribed status |
Assigned at birth Gender, age,caste,feudal |
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Achieved status |
Earned through talents, choices, actions and accomplishments Class |
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Open mobility |
ability to move up and down social hierarchy |
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Closed mobility |
Restrains individuals to a specific place in social hierarchy Caste |
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Klinefelter's Syndrome |
XXY Looks male with no testes and low testosterone |
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Turner's Syndrome |
XO Looks female, no ovaries |
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Testicular Feminization |
Hermaphrodite Looks certain gender and has other genders genitalia but they do not work. |
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Gender roles |
the tasks and activities that a culture assigned to the sexes |
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Minangkabua |
Matrilineal Society |
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Matrilineal Society |
Women play central role 2 religions- Adat and Islam "Mother village" Queen Mother Control of land inheritance Men receive low inheritance Once married, couples live with wife's mother |
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Caste Society |
Ascribed and Closed Traditional occupations Endogamy Do not share between castes Artisans are doctors |
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Endogamy |
No marriage between different caste groups |
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Feudal Society |
Land owners and land workers are separate Peasants have right to use land in exchange for cash crops (military protection) Gult rights |
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Gult rights |
Peasants owed 1/3 to 1/2 crops, field labor or other labor to land owners |
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Importance of Kinship |
Transfer of Wealth and Property Durability of relationships Security Who can and cannot marry Economic value |
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Incest |
Sexual relations with someone considered to be a close relative All cultures have taboos against it |
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Instinctive horror |
Genetically predispositioned not to marry close kin |
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Biological Degeneration |
Offspring of brother and sister come out not normal |
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Contempt or Familiarity |
Not biologically related but as if brother and sister, so no attraction |
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Kinship |
Domain of ideas constituted by the beliefs and expectations kin share about one another Culturally constructed Not always the same as biological relations |
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Consanguine |
Blood relative |
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Affine relative |
Relatives through marraige |
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Owens Valley |
Bilateral Lineal Exogamy Arranged marriage Monogamy Ambilocal |
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Bilateral |
Both male and female define relations |
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Exogamy |
Marry outside group to avoid incest and social/economic relations Sister exchange |
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Sister exchange |
Sisters of one family marry brothers of another |
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Neolocal |
Married couple establish independent location industrial societies |
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Ambilocal |
Married couple can live with either family |
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Nuclear family |
Two parents and their children |
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Gamo |
Bifurcate Merging Patrilineal Kao Clans Moeity Endogamy Virilocal Levirate Polygyny |
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Kao |
Very high status Provided feats Animal sacrifices |
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Corporate decent groups |
If person goes away or dies, everything still continues |
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Clan |
A decent group who traces their descent to an unknown ancestors, in some cases a plant or animal |
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Moeity |
Have to marry someone from other moiety |
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Endogamy |
Can only marry inside caste group |
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Virilocal |
With husbands kin |
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Levirate |
If man dies, wife must marry into family again for economic standing |
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Polygyny |
Husband is shared by many wives |
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Tlingit |
Bifurcate Merging Matrilineal Uxorilocal Avunculocal Cross-cousin marriages Sororate |
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Matrilineal |
Men still have power but women have more say Uncle plays key role |
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Bifircate Merging |
Uncle very important Also called father |
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Uxorilocal |
Married couple lives with the wife's kin |
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Avunculocal |
Married couple goes to live with groom's mother's brother (uncle) |
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Sororate |
If wife dies, Husband must marry into family again for economic standing |
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Consanguine |
Houses run by women Spouses don't really live together Women can marry and have have kids with other men. |
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Bridewealth |
Compensation the or his family pays to the bride's family on marraige |
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Polyandry |
A wife is shared by several husbands |
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Economics |
Study of production, distribution and consumption |
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Capitalism (western) |
Money pays for labor Maximize profits Money brings power and prestige |
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Nonwestern Capitalism |
Individuals may aim to maximize something other than profits, satisfy needs or optimize alternatives |
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Kinbased production |
Labor is organized based on kinship groups which is then divided by gender and age |
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Khoisan Economy |
Herders who have been disenfranchised of their pastoral economy and forced to live as hunters and gatherers Socially equal- household based Use-value Use-rights |
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Generalized Reciprocity |
Do not expect anything in return Christmas in the Kalahari- R. Lee |
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Christmas in the Kalahari- R. Lee |
Had Bull to feed people for thanks, they were upset because it wouldn't be enough, and in their community, one does not gloat about what they have or what they can provide. |
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Balanced Reciprocity |
Expectation of return Surplus labor is appropriately collective, because all participate equally |
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Negative Reciprocity |
Mbuti Absence of truth, raids and thievery Silent trade- carbohydrate exchange- negotiated pig for grain, did not speak after because lack of trust |
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PL 480 (public law) |
Balanced Reciprocity Goal was to get rid of American surplus grains, relieve prices at home, and to promote American support and fight communism |
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Millennium Development Goals |
Eradicate poverty and hunger Primary education for all Gender equality Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat diseases Environmental stability Global partnership for development |
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Religion |
organized group, with ideas about supernatural beings with ceremonial practices, to interpret aspect of universe beyond their control |
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Spirituality |
Concern with sacred; individual rather than collective and does not require traditional organization |
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Functions of religion 1 |
Solidarity Right from wrong Skin walkers Ancestor worship |
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Skin walkers |
Navajo Person who suffers from anxiety, or delusions Evil spirit is responsible Cured by eagle feathers, ashes, etc. |
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Ancestral Spirits |
Gamo Ancestors are members of society Chima- Elder and Head of village lineage performs sacrifices |
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Spirit possession cult |
Gamo Ayana- possessed women; previously beaten and abused by husband, revolt. They are seen as possessed by evil spirit and more powerful |
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Function of religion 2 |
Divine Leadership- Pope Laws and social rules sanctioned by divine Konso |
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Konso, Ethiopia |
Patrilineal Poqualla- present 1st people, slaughter sheep, spiritual advisers, and promote fertility; embalmed when dead |
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Function of religion 3 |
Explains unknown and relieves anxiety Praying to god not to die, even if you are not religious Animatism Animism Shaminism |
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Animatism |
Inanimate A force (not supernatural) inherent in all living things Mana- an energy or power that presented itself in material objects (charisma) |
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Kava |
Painkiller, relieves tension- helps to gain mana (ancestral) |
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Animism |
Spirit being thought to animate nature (trees, mountains, birds, people- all have spirits) Noreshi- animal that lives same life as you do. (parallel universe through animal) |
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Shamanism |
Part-time religious specialists who are believed to have special abilities for entering contact with supernatural beings Use ebene hallucinogenic snuff to induce supernatural state and contact spirits |
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Functions of religion 4 |
Help people survive natural environment Indian people don't eat mean because of ahimsa- principle of nonviolence Meat is more sustainable when used for energy sources, rather than eating them |
