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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Mosaic Evolution |
concept that evolutionary change takes place in some body parts of systems without changes in other parts. Another definition is the evolution of characters are various rates both within and between species. |
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
-Early hominins -Sahel= southern Sahara in N. Africa (central Africa) -7.0-6.0 mya; Site: Toros-Menalla -Oldest potential hominin, well preserved cranium, very small brain, possibly bipedal -Sagittal crest, reduced prognathism, reduced canine, u-shaped dental |
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Orrorin tugenensis |
-first hominin with post-cranial remains -possibly bipedal -Site: Tungen Hills (Kenya) - ~6.0 mya -rounded teeth, plant based diet -derived bipedal femur anatomy -Upper arm indicates arboreal climbing |
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Ardipithecus ramidus |
-bipedal -4-5 mya -site: Aramis (Ethiopia), east Africa -small cranial capacity -Prognathic -Thinner enamel -megadontia (large molars) -Small canine, omnivorous |
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Austropoliths (Austropithecines) |
-Diverse group of Plio-Pleistocene African hominins -they are bipedal -they have small brains -they all have large teeth, particularly the back teeth, with thick enamel -small bodied -1-4 mya -"gracile" |
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Australopithecus afarensis |
-3-4 mya -"Lucy" -Sites: Ethiopia and Tanzania -most primitive of the austropoliths -teeth are least evolved, large pointed molars -upper limbs are longer than modern humans -brain size of modern chimp -prognathic face -u-shaped dental -high degree of sexual dimorphism |
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Australopithecus africanus |
-South Africa (Tauang/Sterkfontein) -Date: 2-3 mya -large brain case, no cranial cresting, less prognathic face -anterior position of foramen magnum -teeth more generalized -broad, short pelvis |
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Australopithecus sediba |
-transitional australopith? ~2 mya Site: Swartkrans, S. Africa -small brain -australoptih shoulder -longer arms, curved fingers Derived traits: smaller teeth, narrower cheekbones, less postorbital constriction, less robust upper limb, more terrestrial -Direct homo ancestor? |
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General Timeline |
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Paranthropus |
-"robust" Australopithecines -Large sagittal cresting -Postorbital constriction -Flaring zygomatic arches -Large, deep mandible -Megadont -Small anterior dentition |
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Paranthropus aethiopicus |
Turkana, N. Kenya -Date: ~ 2.5 mya -Features: Sagittal crest, Dished face, Flared zygomatics, Huge molars, Small cranial capacity (~ 400 cc) |
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Paranthropus bosei |
Olduvai, Tanzania Date: ~ 1-2 mya Shared features with aethiopicus -Reduced cranial cresting -Less dish shaped face |
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Paranthropus robustus |
Swartkrans, S. Africa Date: ~ 1.5-2 mya -Foramen magnumindicates bipedality -Cheek bones less flared -Cranial capacity 500-550 cc |
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Homo habilis |
~ 2.4 mya Reduced facial size More parabolic palate Larger front teeth relative to back teeth Moderate-small browridges Encephalization – 630 cc Paranthropus – 520 cc Australopithecines – 442 cc |
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Early Homosapiens |
Earliest origins: ~2.4 mya, Olduvai Gorge -Greater encephalization -Altered cranial shape -Smaller, narrower teeth (particularly molars) -Associated with Oldowan tool industry, First found ~ 2.5 mya: Cores, flakes, hammerstones |
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Homo habilis |
~ 2.4 mya• Reduced facial size More parabolic palate Larger front teeth relative to back teeth Moderate-small browridges Encephalization – 630 cc - Paranthropus – 520 cc - Australopithecines – 442 cc |
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Homo rudolphensis |
Separate species? Same as habilis or too different? Specific features: ~ 1.8 mya•Larger face Larger molars Minimal browridges Significantly larger cranial capacity (775 cc) |
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Homo erectus |
~ 2 mya, E. Africa -Unique grade of hominins -1st hominin group found outside of Africa -Oldowan-style tools |
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Morphology of H.Erectus |
Body size Weight >100 lbs; average height ~ 5’ 6” “Nariokotome Boy” - Kenya Sexually dimorphic – E. African specimens Robust Brain size Cranial capacity between 750-1250 cc Overlaps modern human cranial capacity |
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H. Erectus Cranial shape |
Thick cranial bone Relatively large browridges Compared to us! Projecting nuchal area Sagittal keel Braincase is long and low Very low forehead Cranium is broad at base |
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Homo ergaster |
Different from H. Erectus? Cranial bone: thin Browridges: less pronounced ~1.8-1.0 mya |
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Big picture of evolution into humans |
-Body increase for more efficient bipedalism -Brain increased in size within range of modern H. sapiens -Efficient scavenger and likely hunter with a greater dependence on meat -Established more permanent living sites -Culture as an adaptive strategy |
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Sagittal keel |
-a thickening of bone on part or all of the midline of the frontal bone -used to distinguish different morphologies of Human Ancestors -Thinning makes room for larger brains -more prominent in males (sexual dimorphism) |
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Grade |
-type of ancestor/morphology -"Level" of hominin -Ex. Homo erectus is a unique grade of hominins |
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Oldowan |
-type of tool/industry -1.8-1.5 mya African sites – Dmanisi -Unifacial -earliest evidence of cultural behavior -could be used as far back as 2.5 mya |
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Acheulian |
Acheulian industry -First found ~ 1.4 mya -Bifacial |
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Mousterian industry |
style of predominantly flint tools (or industry) associated primarily with Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) and dating to the Middle Paleolithic, the middle part of the European Old Stone Age |
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Levallois technique |
-distinctive type of stone knapping developed by precursors to modern humans during the Palaeolithic period -Levallois-Perret suburb of Paris, France. -Better production method -More uniform tools -Predictability of flake size/shape -Greater productivity from core materials |
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Chatelperonnian industry |
-industry produceddenticulate stone tools and also a distinctive flint knife with a single cutting edge and a blunt, curved back |
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Aurignacian industry |
-cave art! -archaeological culture of the Upper Palaeolithic, located in Europe and southwest Asia -used antlers to make tools |
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Solutrean industry |
-21,000 -Aesthetic specialization -a relatively advanced flint tool-making style of the UpperPalaeolithic, from around 22,000 to 17,000 BP |
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Magdalenian industry |
-refers to one of the later cultures of the Upper Paleolithic in western Europe, dating from around 17,000 to 12,000 years ago. -Spear thrower or atlatl -Barbed harpoon -Bow and arrow -Use of wood, bone, shell and antler |
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Premodern humans |
- likely in the pleistocene age -followed Homo erectus--->archaic Homo Sapiens -Stereotypical view of Neandertal |
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Pleistocene Ice Age (Africa) |
-Change in rainfall patterns -Affect resources and migration routes -Expanded sahara desert |
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Pleistocene Ice Age (Eurasia) |
-Northern regions uninhabitable -Ice sheets expanded, sea level dropped -Blocked migration between W. Europe and Asia |
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Homo heidelbergensis |
-Large face -Projecting, arched browridge -Low forehead -Temporal range of H. erectus -1.8 -0.4 mya (25 kya; Java) Derived characters: -Increased brain size -Between 1000-1400 cc -More rounded braincase -More vertical nose -Temporal range -850-200 kya |
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Homo neanderthalensis |
-Europe & W. Asia -150-30 kya – Last major glaciation Cranial capacity -Human average = 1300-1400 cc -Neandertal average = 1520 cc -Cranial shape – large, long, low -Occipital bun -Forehead more vertical than erectus/heidelbergensis -Projected midface -Arched browridges |
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Complete replacement model |
-Complete replacement of European and Asia populations by African dispersal, replaced hominins already living in these other regions -Speciation event (reproductively isolated bio. Pop. evolve to become distinct species) -Looking at genetic data shows that indigenous African populations show far greater diversity than pop. from elsewhere in the world, strongly supports African origin for modern humans |
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Regional continuity model |
-Local populations evolved from premodern forms to fully modern humans -Interbreeding -No taxonomic distinction between “us” and earlier hominins |
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Homo floresiensis |
-Very small bodied and brained -Similar to Dmanisi hominids -3 ft tall -Thickness of cranial bone, cranialshape, dentition -Extreme isolation pressures -“Island rule” -Population & food availabilityhypothesis |
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Island rule |
-Natural selection favors reduced body size on a small island with isolation -Adaptation to reduced resources |
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Settlement of New World theories |
-Bering land bridge -Last open between ~75-45 kya and ~25-11 kya -13 kya – Paleo-Indian Clovis culture sites allover North America -Early NW remains rare |
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Charles Linnaeus |
Taxonomic classification of humans -H sapiens europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, afer -White, muscular, gentle, ruled by lawRuled by opinion, melancholy, haughty -Ruled by habit, angry -Ruled by impulse, negligent, sluggish |
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Friedrich Blumenbach |
-Classified humans into five races: Caucasoid, Ethiopian, American, Mongoloid, Malay -Based classification on: Skin color, cranial profile, geography, diet -Racial categories = arbitrary |
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Herbert Spencer |
Social darwinism -Evolutionary approach -Ranked societies on evolutionary scale simple to complex -Based on technology, economy and social structure |
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Francis Galton |
Eugenics: Philosophy of ‘race improvement’ through selectivebreeding |
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Carleton Coon |
-Candelabra model for human evolution -Human races evolved as separate lines for the past 1million years |
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Candelabra model |
Human races evolved as separate lines for the past 1million years |
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biological determinism |
-Aspects of behavior are governed by genetic factors -Behavioral & cognitive differences exist between groups -Cultural traits are inherited -Some groups naturally superior to others |
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social darwinism |
-Domination of an inferior society by a dominant one isthe result of natural law -Moral imperative -Manifest Destiny falls under that |
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eugenics |
Philosophy of ‘race improvement’ through selectivebreeding |
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Franz Boas |
Challenged race concept -Opposed social darwinism -Cultural differences = historical, social andgeographic conditions -Environmental conditions influencemorphological characteristics |
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racial purity |
-Races are composed of people who conform to idealized“type” -Interbreeding between races led to “contamination” -Problems with genetic uniformity? |
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Frank Livingstone |
-Genotypic and phenotypic variation are distributed alonggeographic gradations -Clines |
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Races |
-Easy for classifying -Little or no biologicalmeaning -Deeply entrenched insociety |
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Clines |
-Different traits have different distributions -Are not always correlated -Produced by forces of evolution -Natural selection and genetic drift -“Races” cross-cut clines -Messy -Biologically meaningful -Consistent with ourunderstandings ofevolution |
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Scientific racism |
-AAPA: Racism has no foundation in scientific knowledge -ostensibly scientificor pseudo-scientific techniques and hypotheses to support or justify the belief in racism, racial inferiority, racialism, racial superiority, or alternatively the practice of classifying individuals of different phenotypes into discrete races |
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Richard Lewontin |
- “How good are races at explaining variation?” -Divided variation into 3 components• Within populations -Between populations within race -Between races |
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Genetic apportionment |
-94% of human genetic variation occurs within human populations -Conclusion: Race categories represent arbitrary divisions of continuous geographical variation -To accept ‘races’ it must be acknowledged that they will only statistically explain a small portion of genetic variation -Race is a social construct |
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Relethford |
Replication of Lewontin’s findings using different genetic markers & datasets -Results: -Avg within population: 82% -Avg between population: 5% -Avg between region: 13% Non-concordance of traits; Skin color is atypical and does not align with other geneticvariation |
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Non-concordance of traits |
Skin color is atypical and does not align with other geneticvariation |
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Bergmann’s rule |
-Body size tends to be greater incooler climates -As body mass increases,relative surface area decreases -Allows for heat retention |
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Allen’s rule |
-Appendages tend to be longer inwarmer climates -Increased surface area relative tomass -Promotes heat loss |
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Acclimatization |
-A Biological variation explanation -Acclimatization -Temporary & rapid adjustment -Permanent/Developmental |
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Biocultural evolution |
-Evolutionary processes are understandable only within itscultural context -Example: lactose intolerance -Lactase production usually turns “off” -Lactase persistence |
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Vitamin D hypothesis |
Required for: normal growth of bones -Absorbs calcium -Obtained through: -Food -Synthesized through exposure toUV light -Deficiency: rickets -Exposure to sunlight is essential for normal bonegrowth |
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melanin |
-Located in the outer layer of skin -When exposed to sunlight melanin productionincreases -Natural, “built-in” sunscreen |
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Vitamin B (folic acid) hypothesis |
B vitamin -Obtained from diet -Required for: DNA synthesis, RBC formation,sperm production -May lead to fetaldevelopmental disorders -UV radiation depletes folate -Earliest hominins had light skin covered withdark hair -Loss of body hair in hominins -Evolved protective response |
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UV radiation hypothesis |
-Darker skin favored in areas close to the equator -Early hominins lived in tropics -Hominin spent most of their lives outdoors -No significant clothing |
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Epigenetics |
Nature vs. nurture? -What is epigenetic code: -Modifiers that control the “volume” of geneexpression -Influences which genes are expressed and to whatdegree |
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Life history theory |
Organisms have limited energy to devote to a diverse array of life cycle functions -Growth -Reproduction -Maintenance -The life course is a series of trade-offs. |
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Intelligent design |
-pseudoscientific view that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligentcause, not an undirected process such as natural selection |
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Creationism |
religious belief that the Universe and life originated "from specific acts of divine creation." For young Earthcreationists, this includes a biblical literalist interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative and the rejection of the scientific theory of evolution. |
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Kitzmiller et al. vs. Dover AreaSchool Board trial |
-video we watched -Should the school district teach one version over the other |
