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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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marriage |
-give individuals different social status -must have important functions |
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functions of marriage |
-regulate social and sexual relationships -legitimates and supports children both economically and socially -creates different kind of economic and productive until -unite family groups and widen social network |
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spouses |
-variation cross culturally in number -monogamy -polygamy -ghost marriage -walking marriage |
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monogamy |
-one partner -not human universal -common in small scale forging societies -not ideal in chiefdoms or small scale societies -social mobility |
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polygamy |
-more than one partner -chiefdoms and tribes prefer polygamy -soroalpolygny -polyandry -fraternalpolyandry |
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polygyny |
mane married to more than one woman more common sign of male prestige |
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sororalpolygny |
man marries sisters senior wife bosses junior wife don't have to handle birth women gain self esteem |
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polyandry |
one woman married to more than one man upper himalayas |
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fraternal polyandry |
woman married brothers household gains in prestige groups of brothers stay together |
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ghost marriage |
neur older man married younger woman and he dies before they reproduce wife has sex with brother or his close relative child still considered son of deceased man |
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walking marriage |
both stay at their own home but go to the wifes house at night |
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how to get a spouse |
personal choice very common in gender equal societies related to personal choice in economy, religion, politics, etc. |
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boundaries or limitations |
endogamy: marriage within particular group (social class, religion, race, etc) exogamy: marriage outside of particular groups |
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arranged marriages |
family picks spouse for their child not common in US but very common in india |
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Adoption |
when someones spouse died you're automatically assigned to brother or family member |
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capture |
yanomami rare cross-culturally men go and capture women in hopes of marriage |
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reinforcing relationships |
exchanging stuff wedding gifts financial commitment of wedding wedding rings gift exchange reflects domestic activities and gender roles |
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bride service |
goods or services given from groom to brides family actual labor |
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bride wealth |
money or financial stuff given from groom to brides family these are attempts to compensate brides family for loss of labor from daughter |
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dowry |
relatively rare (5%) money brides family pays to grooms family as her share of the inheritance sometimes abused |
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postmarital residence |
neolocal (ideally) new place, not common (15%), set up new independent household (reality) couple temporally lives with family because they can't afford new home for themselves |
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postmarital residence |
patrelocal (ideally) common (70%), woman moves in with husbands family in house, effective for keeping groups of males together (reality) very challenging for women, most of time keep connected with family but not always, quite often when status declines with this type of residency |
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hutterites |
conservative german based protestant group woman hardly ever sees her family except when pregnant, highest fertility rates bc of this |
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postmarital residence |
matrelocal (hopi) (ideally) not common (15%), very logical way of keeping women together, stay on womans families property (reality) common with societies that trace woman descent, woman surrounded by her family, woman have higher status, divorce is easy |
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family |
kinship is rules by which we define who is a family member cultural universal important in every culture |
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kinship chart |
ego is starting point on kinship chart consanguinal: those related by blood affinal: those related by marriage fixtive- social related kin (ie. godmother) |
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kin terms |
reflect social emphasis on some relationships and social deemphasis on other reflect culture values highlight gender, generation, nuclear family no biological distinction between sides of family |
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religion and belief system |
difference between religion and main belief systems are human universals approaches are different among socieites |
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Cultural Materialism |
belief systems maintains sustainability or social in equality aztec cannibalism |
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Structural Functionalism |
belief systems help maintain status quo cargo system |
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Symbolic approach |
victor turner in order to understand cultures value system look at rituals and symbols that reflect values marriage article by pam freeze |
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problems w symbolic approach |
emic vs. etic perspectives diff. levels of meaning entirely dependent on ideas where is the evidence |
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world view |
examine cultural cosmology how does physical, cultural, and supernatural world work? |
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magic------religion |
cultures fall somewhere on this specific religious practicioners (shamans=magic)(priest=religion) |
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myths |
cultures way of presenting cosmology in an easy to understand way recognized as powerful how do they reveal? |
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westerner cosmology |
story in genesis physical- we populate the world social- we were born evil supernatural- god died for us |
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Levi- Strauss |
noticed in all worlds myths you have contrasts they also occur in other parts of culture not only do you have these but you also notice these are blended together to make a medium we see a code that exists because it reflects the way that the human mind exists all parts of culture are this code |
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Levi-Strauss |
Structuralism we examine the structures of societies created by human mind |
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conflict theory and cultural materialism |
says societies constructed by economy |
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Bionary Constrast Synthesis |
structuralism |
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problems w this |
no one demonstrated this if you look for binary contrast, you see them everywhere but doesn't always mean they are always there |
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examples of this |
politics- democrat vs. republican meals- breakfast, lunch, dinner a lot of examples of three |
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rituals |
done the same way over and over at same time and place express cosmology as symbols inorder to conduct accurately must be done in same order over and over again highlight differences between two contrasts |
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rituals |
often segregated from normal everyday actions makes it more powerful buildings may be reserved for rituals special areas on land where they're held participants undergoing ritual can change level of consciousness remove from this life for time being |
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rite of passage (type of ritual) |
ritual involving social transformation mark social transition from non-exisiting to human being (birth) mark transition from existing to non-exisiting (death) single life to marriage life (marriage) childhood to adulthood |
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Turner argued |
these have symbols or rituals ending one period and symbols or rituals representing new period idividuals enter in one state and by the end of ritual they're transformed "in between state"- liminal period |
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liminal period |
bc you're in between you are being changed potential harm restricted from normal society to protect from harm then brought back as changed person ex. bride and groom enter as seperately then they exit together... reception=recieved into society as a couple |
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tilting of axis |
summer solstice : longest/ shortest day, sun at highest point equinox, planting and harvesting shortest day: christmas- birthday of son of god longest day: june 25- john baptist birthday |
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festivals (type of rituals) |
easter: eggs, rabbits, flowers, jesus... newness, fertility, life, resurrection... day of easter calculated by first sunday after first full moon after spring equinox halloween: death,devil... contrast w/ newness, life.. nov. 2 is the day of the dead... contrasts w/ fear and pleasure... example of liminal period... gives us chance to escape everyday life |
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conflict between biological and cultural explanation |
ex. religious success story do adopted traits get passed on bc they're inherited or because they're taught? |
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Revitalization Movement |
one culture dominated another..."steam rolling affect" large scale society imposes its belief system, political system, etc. on smaller scale society vision appears: if you act a certain way life will be restored bc of this ritual we will create a brand new world or the old one will be fixed smaller societies want something to hold on to |
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example of revitalization |
south pacific (cargo cults) after WWII their cultures were completely changed bc their visionaries convinced them that if you dress like the cargo cults would bring back all the things could be used to explain origin of every society jesus got rid of old testament and made new one ...often times aspects of cultures become combined |
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Syncratism |
dominate culture takes over smaller scale societies become old ideas both chrisitanity and islam st. patrick became tied to christian saints son of god= sun god VOODOO |
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hybridity |
opposite of syncretism large scale society takes over small scale society and small scale society activity seeks engagement w dominate culture sometimes deliberate, sometimes accidental |
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Psychological Anthropology |
looks at relationship between behavior and cultures in diff. ways than psychology |
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core cultural values |
diff. cultures have different core values values are fundamental of society..general learn these during enculturation part of world view get these through fieldwork differentiate these from others recognize in subcultures |
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Challenges |
regional/ ethnic issues subcultural variations learn through enculturation social control (gossip) |
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core cultural values examples |
independence patriotism property holidays |
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subcultural values examples |
(southerners) etiquit religion family |
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Stereotypes |
seen in different ways from etc and emic perspectives |
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life cycle |
process of biological and social changes one goes through as a human being 1.birth 2.childhood 3.adolesence 4.aging process 5.death |
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birth |
when does life begin? humans touch bellies when woman is pregnant what does it mean to be human? biological birth does not necessarily socially define a person some cultures wait until way after birth to name child |
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postpartum depression |
human universal sociobiological mechanism where mothers could socially ask for help |
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Childhood |
1920s- Frued radically impact culture models for mothers to raise children malanowski demonstrated other ways to raise children which shapes core values ex. inuit kids raised to be humble, cooperative, not display emotion...grow up to be calm diff. between social and biological end of childhood |
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childhood cont. |
how can you criticize for having child soldiers if their culture believes they're adults? rite of passage: transformation for child to adulthood (postliminal period) |
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Adolesence |
mead argued that in american culture teens are so stressed bc theres no rite of passage |
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aging process |
most cultures respect elderly sociobiological view-protect genetic material cultural materialist- they control resources social biological- interdependency |
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death |
does life end at death? some entity may continue understand life cycle differently |
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Emotions |
feelings caused by social causes there is variation some common in all societies (anger, fear, sad) cross-culturally same triggers (death of child= sadness) other emotions interpreted diff. (culturally bound)... Ex. Machinguenga worry is not common triggered by thunderstorms or enviormental problems...very brief worry |
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emotions |
same emotion can mean diff. things w diff. cultures ex. machinguenga anger is not common seen as abnormal all cultures handle emotions in ways appropriate for their culture |
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Deviance |
not everyone shares same core values boundaries cause tremendous social pressure every culture has rules for inside and outside world views |
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biomedical anthropology |
largest growing field major impact on world and jobs aids is not spreading as fast as the chuchansi bc women have the right to tell their husbands no and control their body |
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health and healing |
cross cultural diff. about how and why people get sick diff. cultures categorize diff. diseases in diff. types causes of diseases are diff. based on a world view (overarching) western med believes body is separate from social mech. |
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health and healing cont. |
ways people are healed is varied and directly tied to world views variation in human physiology causes variations in everyone (genetic, etc) to improve healthcare you must understand all factors in every culture theres more to healing than just machines and pills |
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Spread of culture context |
distance between them, barrier breaks, new disease spread ex. brazil moving roads, things moving toward yanomami, causing spread of disease and increasing death rate to 50% indigenous are highly susceptable to these diseases bc they're not immune to them |
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spread of culture contact cont |
some are deliberate to get rid of societies ex. americans deliberately infected all natives to kill them (legend) strong link between obesity- hypertension- and cardiac disease |
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Trichinosis |
disease passed through pork indonesia wanted to ship their overpopulated people to new guinea but they were populated already so they infected pigs w this disease to deliberately kill them |
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Somoa and westernized ideas |
facing obesity and rates of hypertension but doesn't experience cardiac disease bc their bodies are adapted to high rates of fat in their blood from coconuts understand humans are both biological and social |
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health consequences from globalization |
undernutrition: 60% of worlds population not due to fact that people don't use westernized medicine its due to globalization and inequality malnutrition: 1 in 6 people in the world... over 1 billion people |
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cont. |
Kwashiorkor- missing protein, tissue swelling, hair loss, anemia, weak, skinny, apathy affects maternal and infanta.. babies not developed, cognitive underdevelopment affects bodys immune system and spread disease cause= poverty half worlds population (3 billion) live on less than $2 a day |
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cont. |
cannot afford any form of health care affects health care in US barely in top 50% of life expectancy social causes of why people don't have access to better foot |
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Reasons: |
Food deserts- so far away from well established grocery stores bad choices about food lack or transportation traditional pressures low self esteem social institution fluxuation in income no storage space |
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healing |
single biggest issue= heal body or heal body on large scale context |
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shaman |
curare- powerful muscle relaxant quinine- heals malaria salicilin- used in ibuprofen have anatomical knowledge so hey can adjust anatomical conditions you have issue mentally they know psychology in community administer natural drugs for healing |
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medical anthropology |
teaches us we need to understand mic view of why and how people get sick so that we understand how to effectively deliver healthcare |
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Ethical dilemmas |
1. who owns botanical knowledge of indigenous people? 2. human population varies genetically... some might be immune to a disease.. who owns bodies of human beings? 3. how do we protect knowledge and bodies of indigenous peoples? |
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Anthropology and contemporary human issues |
what can anthropology do to assist issues today? what should we do? continued growing gap form first and third world goal inequality |
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Consequences of Culture Contact (negative) |
gap between richest and poorest widens lack of nutrition millions of displaced people by war losing indigenous knowledge |
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Consequences of Culture Contact (positive) |
small and large societies combining has benefited small scale societies in some situations communicating with other places- increased awareness improved health care |
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small scale societies |
losing ability to make political and economic rights because of being absorbed by larger westernized societies and they are not happy about it |
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indigenous peoples |
end up being marginalized have lost control of own society |
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Ethnocide |
cultural destruction not as large as genocide but its as effective deliberately deny speaking of native languages cultural pressures bulldozer of western culture |
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what can anthropology do to improve lives of indigenous peoples? |
indigenous peoples have the right to self determination involves cultural and physical self determination |
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Cultural self determination |
should we help them preserve cultures? presenting cultural decisions? protect cultural decisions? who makes that choice? |
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Physical self determination |
(assimilate) joining into another country (federate) joining into nation state (separate) completely disjoining |
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outcomes |
whats going to protect them? whats the cost? who's going to guarantee that? who makes that decision? |
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if we allowed smaller societies like the navajo in Arizona |
we would need passports to cross into "navajo nation" and they would be allowed to control their own language, access, education, religion, their own resources, medical expenses, etc. |
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Worlds systems theory or political economy |
raises questions about national sovereignty important to remember the relationship between indigenous peoples and national government has deep history |
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Eric wolf |
how can we account for unrest among indigenous people... problem has centuries of cause consequence of central exploitation |
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massive depopulation |
after europeans came bc of this not a lot of enslaved natives so they imported enslaved african americans vast exploitation of wealth made world problems but significantly crippled latin america |
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Africa |
by 1900s entire continent owned by europe all stuff benefited europe massive flow of capital made european florish fought over colonies boundaries by europe for colonial powers massive slaughters |
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Asia |
china and japan restricted western influence ended being controlled centuries of exploitation |
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developed world |
developed by reasons caused by ideology we discovered science so we earned it we morally deserve what we have god likes us better we like their first and extracted resources at expense of small scale societies |
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why didn't we share the resources? |
thats not human nature? think about own moral system treat others the way you want to be treated |
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Does process continue today? |
political and economic inequality what are the consequences? why should we care? |
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what are the consequences? |
McDonaldization- World cultures becoming more similar... large scale societies are swamping smaller scale societies ex. spread of english Globalization- free flow of labor and capital along national boundaries ex. vast amounts of wealth transferred-shipping nations no longer control regulations of borders millions of people unstable |
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responses triggered by these movements
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1. ethnic resurgence- indigenous peoples reassert themselves bc they want own control back... right to have language, religion, MOP... whenever they fight back they're labeled as terrorists
ex. mayans in mexico fighting for their rights challenging national authority |
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responses cont. |
2. religious fundamentalism resurgence- use religion as mechanism by which they regain independence of politics, religion, etc. restore tradition fundamentalist christianity ex. southeast asia- muslims pushed out by buddhists |
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responses cont. |
3. increasing gap between rich/poor country millions migrate in seeking better life in richer countries ex. former colonies (refugees) head north ex. algerians fleeing to france triggers massive panics by more powerful nations |
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responses cont. |
4. gobal war millions of people migrate elsewhere to avoid war ex. syrians |
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colonial empires |
indigenous peoples were easier to study when colonial empires were in charge not that easy now |
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John Bodley |
3 general solutions |
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cont. |
1. enviornmentalist- role of anthro. is we need them to leave indigenous peoples alone... protect them but create a sanctuary for them and leave them alone... biosphere reserves- chunk of land where indigenous peoples live but use the land in good ways. usually in rainforest or amazon (brazil,venezuela) forbids access to outsiders.. issue- wouldn't go over well |
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cont. |
2. humanitarian- assume assimilation is going to occur anyways... role of anth. is what should we do to help the smaller societies enter nation state as equal but also preserve their rituals, etc. issues- does this allow indigenous peoples satisfaction? |
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cont. |
3. political or engaged- our goal should be to help indigenous peoples know legal rights and protect these rights controls knowledge, land, encourage political independence include helping them defend land in court/war issues-- wouldn't go over bc nation states feel uncomfortable ex. mexico- mayans |
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in 2007, UN created declaration on rights of indigenous peoples |
1. argues all indigenous peoples should have right to make own decisions on political 2. right to sufficient land for MOP 3. right to occupy on land... not forcibly removed from land 4. right to avoid forced assimilation- right to cultural independence 5. right to preserve heritage (archeological sites) |
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cont. |
6. right to own religious practices w.o conversion 7. right to own contemporary knowledge- intellecual property helps to insure their own destinies |
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when presented: |
143 countries voted for it 4 voted against it: -canada -new zealand -austrailia -US (just joined in 2010) |
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anthropology in contemporary world |
has grown up no longer interested in collecting oddities no longer exclusive reasearch data |
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what roles does ant. play now? |
1. continue to document cross-cultural differences to challenge assumptions about thats the way its always been 2. reminds social sciences that we have wholes... cultures interact w. other parts of culture... real human behavior caused by other things.. better proposal for solutions 3. genuine concern for indigenous peoples |
