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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who says:"A group's system of economic production"?
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Yehudi Cohen 1974
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Foraging
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-Natural distribution of plants & animals.
-Gathering and hunting -10 000 years ago. -All humans are foragers |
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Contemporary Foragers
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-Competition with food producers
-Intervention of State -Contact with missionaries and food producing traders |
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Horticulture
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-Does not make intensive use of landwork
-Digging sticks and hows rather than plows -Slash&Burn technique to clear land etc. |
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Agriculture
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-Intense use of land, labour capital
-Private Property -Irrigation |
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Costs and Benifits of agriculture...
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Costs:
-Depletes land over time -Greater inequality -Irrigation causes salination in coastal areas Benifit: -Longer range yield more reliable than horticulture |
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Pastoralism
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Domesticated animals
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TWO kinds of pastoralism:
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Nomadic pastoralism:entire group moves throughout the year
Transhumance pastoralism:part of group moves with herd, part remains in village |
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Market principle
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Exchanging goods for money
"Getting your money's worth" (between strangers) |
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Redistribution
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Goods are collected, stored and redistributed
(associated with States of Chief) |
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Reciprocity
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goods for goods
(exchange for social content) |
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Kinds of reciprocity:
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Balanced:Equivilant value
Generalized:Some contribute much and others nothing (babies=nothing/fathers=alot) Negative: Between strangers and maximize profit. (Not maintain relationship) |
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Potlatching:
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Festive event between a regional exchange system among the North Pacific coast of America
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Band
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Foragers
Such as Inuit... Least Complex 25-30 related Local |
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Tribe
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Horticulture
Such as Yanomami Local, temporary regional |
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Chiefdom
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Productive horticulture
Such as Cherokee Permanent regional |
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State
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Agriculture, industrialism
Such as Canada today Permanent regional |
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Nature
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Biological predisposition
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Nurture
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Environment
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Genetic predisposition is sometimes...
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Hard to identify
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Human attitudes, values, behaviour are not limited by gender predisposition but also...
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Experiences during enculturation
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Sexual Dimorphism
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marked differences between men&female biology , beyond breasts and genitals. (Reduction during human biological revolution)
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Gender Roles
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The tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex
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Gender stereotypes
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Oversimplified,strongly held views about males and females
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Gender stratification
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Unequal distribution of social resources between men and women. (different positions in social hierarchy)
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Religion
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Belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings powers and forces...
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Communitas
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Intense feelings of social solidarity
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Animism
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Belief in souls or doubles/belief in spiritual beings (earliest form of religion) TYLER
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Polotheism
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Belief in multiple gods
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Monotheism
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Belief in a single all-powerfull deity
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Mana
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Impersonal sacred force, so named in melanesia and Polynesia
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Taboo
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Sacred and forbidden; prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions
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Magic
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Using supernatural techniques to accomplish specific aims
(spells, incantations,formulas) |
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Religion and magic can...
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serve as emotional needs as well as cognitive ones
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Ritual
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Formal, repetitive, stereotyped behaviour; based on a litergical order
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Rites of passage
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Beliefs and rituals also can create anxiety and a sense of insecurity
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Seperation
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Seperation from group and from old status
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Liminality
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Being cut off from society
e.g. initiation |
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Reincorporation
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Reintroduced to community in new status
e.g. FROSH PARTY BITCHES |
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Revitalization movements
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Movement aimed at altering or revitalizing a society
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Cargo Cults
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Postcolonial, acculturative religious movements in Malenasia
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Syncretisms
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Cultural,especially religious,mixes, emerging from acculturation
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Antimodernism
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Rejecting the modern for a presumed earlier, purer better way
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Fundementalism
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Advocating strict fidelity to a religion's presumed founding principles.
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Capitalist world economy
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Profit-oriented global economy based on production for sale
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Capital
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Wealth invested with intent of producing profit
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World-System theory
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Idea that a discernible social system, based on wealth and power differentials, transcends individual countries
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Core
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Dominant position on the world system; nations with advanced systems of production
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Semiperiphery
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Position in the world system intermediate between core and periphery
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Periphery
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Weakest structural and economic position in the world system
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Industrial Revolution
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Socioeconomic transformation through industrialization
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Bourgeoisie
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Owners of the means of production
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Working class
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People who must sell their labor to survive.
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Max Weber theory
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Wealth Power Prestige (stratification)
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Imperialism
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Policy aimed at seizing and ruling foreign territory and people
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Colonialism
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Long term foreign control of territory and its people
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Postcolonial
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Relations between European nations and areas they colonized and once ruled
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Intervention philosophy
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Ideological justification for outsiders to guide or rule native people
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Neoliberalism
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Governments shouldn't regulate primate enterprise;free market forces should rule
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communism
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Property owned by the community; people working for the common good
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Communism
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Political movement aimed at replacing capitalism with Soviet-style communism
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Indigenous people
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Original inhibitants of particular areas
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