Anthro

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Holism

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a way of looking at ideas and behaviors as interrelated elements best understoof when seen in a broader context, within the culture and with other cultures in its environment.

how the parts combine to make a whole and how the whole influences the parts.

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Casual

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type of holistic connection.

one among many reasons.

ex. keeping sled dogs was one reason people avoided eating flatfish

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Contextual

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parts of larger institution

ex. dowry (transfer of wealth from brides family to grooms family)

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processual

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links cultural features involved in a culture change process.

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metaphorical

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transfer of meaning from one symbol to another

same symbol for venus as we use for female

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collateral

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cultural elements share a common origin

special tools for gardening the newfoundlanders used

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thematic

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shared values

social life in korea, china, and japan has expressed the cultural values of discipline, hierarchy, and obligation

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critiques of holism

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"fallacy of perfect integration"

links are weak and integration imperfect

danger of superficiality- we dabble but don't specialize

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Reductionism

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opposite of holism

simplifying a problem to just the few factors or variables that can be obserced or controlled

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linear thinking

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A causes B

can be prevented by taking a holistic approach

most cultural practices are multifactorial

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cosmology

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a theory of the formation and structure of the universe in different cultures

how the world was created, usually thought about in terms of religion

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embeddedness

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the overlap of cultural institutions such as kinship, religion, or leadership, that we in our culture tend to label and think of as distinct,

ex. fishing- kinship + economics = fishing crew

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Kinship (holistically speaking)

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kindship embedded in a larger context that includes politics, economics, religion, and social life.

household- extended family household (more than one married couple), nuclear (only one)

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Patrilocal residence

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newly wedded couples move in with the groom's father

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matrilocal residence

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newly wedded couples move in with the brides kinsmen

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economics (holistically speaking)

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a holistic approach to a society's economic activities draws us into issues of power, culture, and the environment

needed- how defined by particular group and linked to other cultural elements

valuable resources- linked to what people are willing to eat

ownership- headman; temporary responsibility

production- linked to availability of resources, skills, tradition

distribution- culturally prescribed

the ideas and practices involved in the production, distribution, and consumption of needed goods and services

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political economy

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the way economic behavior and power relationships influence each other

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ecological economics

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the way economic systems and ecosystems influence each other

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economic anthropology

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the way that economic ideas and practices are linked to the rest of a culture

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division of labor

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degree of task specialization in the economy

sexual division of labor- much variation in what mean and women are expected to do
-ex. in the Hopi, men were the weavers but in Navajo women were

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foraging economies

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those relying upon gathering wild plants and hunting wild animals

access by all

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horticultural economies

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those in which farms hand cultivate their crops

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agricultural economies

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invest much labor, water, and other materials in their permanent grain fields

chinese

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reciprocity

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balanced reciprocity= even exchange

gift giving is marked as a social relationship

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redistribution

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the pooling of goods in a focal figure who then disperses them

ex. the Trobriand Islander's village leader persuaded Yams from his neighbors in order to throw a fest for rival villagers, impressing them with his productivity and generosity

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overdetermined

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an effect for which more factors were involved than were necessary to cause it

one factor itself could cause it

ex. although poverty, hunger, and population growth are all pushing the family to degrade its farmland, in fact any one of those factors would be more than enough to compel the family to do that.

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scalar context

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scale of organization, meaning the level of analysis, from the local community to the region to the national or to the cultural entity

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regional scale

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district schools

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provincial scale

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residents voting for someone in the government who funds projects in their settlements such as repairs

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national scale

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paying taxes to the national capital

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international scale

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international corporations take fish from local place for fish markets all over the world

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tempocentric

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we treat the ways we live now as "normal" and timeless so we can't quite grasp what it was like 100 years ago and can't quite see the future as anything other than just now.

opposite of the anthropological perspective which recognizes that cultures flow out of the past and into the future, changing through time.

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ethnographic present

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the selection of a specific time to represent the "now" of that culture

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diffusion

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the borrowing or migration of a cultural practice or idea from one social group to another (borrowing single behaviors)

ex. domestic chickens as result of columbus voyage

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direct diffusion

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diffusion conducted with the intent to introduce new cultural matter to the receiving culture.

physical (ex. chickens)

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stimulus diffusion

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diffusion when only the idea migrates, not its practitioners, and the recipients build the practice from that idea

ideas (pasta and noodles)

ex. when the grand duke of tuscany brought an egyptian to court who taught the italians how the people of his village incubated chicks to produce meat and eggs year-round

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syncretism

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a borrowing that rearranges elements, mixes and combines them with other features of the culture, selectivity drops elements, shifts emphasis, and so on.

ex. american pizza and chop suey were inspired by other cultures' cuisines but syncretized into distinctly north american dishes

becomes a hybrid ex.- day of the dead mexico

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globalization

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the process of linking widely separated peoples into tighter interaction through trade, communications, corporate and bureaucratic structures, and travel

not all groups affect by globalization welcome it...lots resist it

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glocalization

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the culture change process undertaken by a group reshaping, reinterpreting, resisting, or attempting to control the local manifestations of globalization

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ethnogenesis

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the creation of a new culture

ex. the Maroon culture of Suriname in south america was created by escaped african slaves

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intermediate forms

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reveal substantial deviation from the original or the current forms, thus avoiding the erroneous conclusion that things just got from there to here in a straight line

ex. american flag- new stars were added when new states were created

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biological adaptation

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changes in anatomy or physiology in a population as a response to environmental stimuli

not intentional or directed

ex. early humans grew big brains as a consequence of selection from generations to generation for more brain power to engage in the complex behaviors for survival

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cultural adaptation

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changes in learned behavior and thought processes by a population in response to environmental stimuli

can be intentional and directed

ex. Newfoundlanders adopted the native practice of moving inland during winter

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strategy of adaptation

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fundamental set of behaviors for surviving by changing in response to environmental stimuli

biological adaptation and cultural adaptation

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acclimatization

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a reversible change during one's lifetime

reversible physiological adjustments

produced by culture; tanning salons

going to the himilayas to get more blood cells

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developmental adaptation

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irreversible physiological changes in individuals during their lifetime

ex. growing up in the oxyge-poor atmosphere of the high himalays, sherpa children develop a permanently expanded lung capacity

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endemic diseases

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those omnipresent diseases that shape human population structures by killing the youth or reducing fertility in adults

some major endemic diseases were incorporated into the socio-natural systems of euro-asia through domesticated animals

transmission of diseases through livestock

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morbidity

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the frequency of a disease in a population

deals a lot with environmental circumstances

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socio-natural system

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when a human population practicing a certain culture adaprts to a nature of its own creation

ex. tribes setting fire to the grasses to improve the feed for the herbivores that they hunt

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potlatch

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an example of a total prestation; constant cycle of giving
gift = exchange- themes include credit and honour

gift and exchange seem to be contradictory
it is in the nature of the gift to be its own reward- the relationship is embodied in the thing being given

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reciprocity

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prestations: a type of gift exchange between groups that appear "disinterested and spontaneous" but are actually obligatory and enacted under a highly specific system of reciprocity

ingrained mental structure; a logic shared by everyone everywhere

universal principle of exchange

economics and morality- lack of reciprocity is immoral but time is crucial to reatining moral basis of gift exchange, time has to pass before a counterprestation can be made.
etiquette, prestige, and generosity vs. immediate exchange

gifts exceed mere exchange

when we exchange things we are giving and receiving an expressing of the person- giving imposes meaning on things

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religious characteristic of gifts

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the chiefs taking part are incarnations of gods and ancestors so everything they do is a representation of them

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economic characteristic of gifts

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one has to assess value, importance, causes and effects of transactions

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morphological

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reflects structure of society

reuinion of tribes, clans, families

people fraternize but at the same time remain strangers

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legal characteristic of gifts

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rank and legal status of the parties involved

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GIVING

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obligation to invite

little otter

everyone who can, will or does attend the potlatch must be invited

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RECEIVING

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one does not have the right to refuse a gift or potlatch

if you refuse a gift you show fear of having to reply

have to accept the challenge or lose face/name/dignity

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REPAYING

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the essence of potlatch

obligation of worthy return

objects are never completely separated from the mean who exchange them
- status, cohesion, honor, act of public recognition

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exchange and identity

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total social phonomenon

economic-religious
material-symbolic
social-individual

the way people exchange is the way they construct identity
-by giving a gift a person gives himself because he owes himself to others
-giving imposes meaning on things

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objects of exchange

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objects are never completely separated from the mean who exchange them-wedding ring

power within the objects
-magical
-power of the name
-productive capacity within the ibject- sign of life, wealth, rank and prospetity

obtaining wealth is obtaining a spirit that enables person to succeed.