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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cultural Relativism
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The idea that cultural traits are best understood when viewed within the cultural context of which they are a part of.
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Glottochronology
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The historical linguistic technique of determining the approximate date that two languages diverged by analyzing similarities and differences in their vocabularies.
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Race
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A subgroup of the human population whose members share a greater number of genes and physical traits with one another than they do with members of other subgroups.
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Ethnology
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The comparative study of cultural differences and similarities.
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Ethnocentrism
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The practice of viewing the customs of other societies in terms of ones own
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PRIMATOLOGY
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The study of nonhuman primates in their natural environments for the purpose of gaining insights into the human evolutionary process.
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What kinds of things do anthropologists study?
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Physical (biological) Cultural, Linguistics, Applied, Archaeology. Study humans as biological organisms, trace the evolution of the humans, investigate biological variations past and present.
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What is a holistic approach in anthropology?
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Holism a perspective in anthropology that attempts to study a culture by looking at all parts of the system and how those parts are interrelated.
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Understand Cultural Relativism and why it is used.
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The idea that cultural traits are best understood when viewed within the cultural context of which they are a part.
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What does ethnographic research involve?
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The practice of viewing the customs of other societies in terms of one’s own. The belief that one’s own culture is superior to all others.
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What principles guide the discipline of anthropology?
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Holism, Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, Emic approach, and Etic approach.
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What are the main interests for Physical anthropology?
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Forensic specialists with law enforcement ,Museum curator
genetic counselor ,human rights investigator zoologist/Primatologist ,Public health official |
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Which type of items are archaeologists concerned with?
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Artifacts- material remain that has been made or modified by humans: tools, arrowheads, etc
Features- remains that have been made or modified by people and cannot easily be carried away: house foundations, fireplaces, postholes. Ecofacts- Physical remains-found by archaeologists- that were used by humans but not made or reworked by them: seeds and bones. |
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CULTURAL DIFFUSION
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The spreading of a cultural trait (that is, material object, idea, or behavior pattern) from one society to another.
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CIVILIZATION
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Any society that has cities.
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SUBCULTURE
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A subdivision of a national culture that shares some features with the larger society and also differs in some important respects.
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ENCULTURATION
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The process by which human infants learn their culture.
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INNOVATIONS
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Changes brought about by the recombination of already existing items within a culture.
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MONOCHRONIC CULTURE
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A culture whose people view time in a linear fashion, place great importance on punctuality and keep on schedule , and prefer to work on one task at a time.
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POLYCHRONIC CULTURE
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A culture in which people typically perform a number of tasks at the same time and place a higher value on nurturing and maintaining social relationships than on punctuality for its own sake.
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What do we understand about culture?
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personal refinements
Culture is everything that people have, think , and do as members of a society. |
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When one finds themselves in an unfamiliar culture, what are they likely to experience?
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Culture Shock
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How does a person acquire their culture?
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Acquired through the process of learning or interacting with one’s cultural environment.
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What are three basic components of culture?
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Cognitive Processes, Behaviors, Material Creations
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What does the concept of culture include?
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Material objects, Ideas values attitudes. Behavior patterns.
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What causes culture change?
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Internal Changes (Innovations changes brought about by the recombination of already existing items within a culture) External changes (Cultural diffusion the spreading of a cultural trait from one society to another)
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When we study a culture, what is our main goal?
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to study of human cultures, their beliefs, practices, values, ideas, technologies, economies and other domains of social and cognitive organization
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What culture features do all cultures share?
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Learned behaviors, language, patterned and integrated, shared by the members of the group, adaptive, and subject to change.
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What characteristics do we find associated with civilizations?
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architecture, centralized gov. Efficient food production and a system or writing.
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EMIC VIEW (insider)
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studying or describing a particular language or culture in terms of its internal elements and their functioning rather than in terms of any existing external scheme
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HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE
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A perspective that attempts to study a culture by looking at all parts of the system and how those parts are interrelated
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ETIC VIEW (outside)
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relating to, or involving analysis of cultural phenomena from the perspective of one who does not participate in the culture being studied
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Understand the difference and similarity between Applied anthropologists and Pure anthropologists
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Pure anthropology (Theoretical ) advancement of theories and methods of the discipline.
Applied changing human behavior to solve contemporary problems. Similarities-training methods and have developed alongside each other. |
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Review the different roles that an Applied anthropologist might play.
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Policy researcher, evaluator, impact assessor, planner, research analyst, needs assessor, trainer, advocate, administrator/manager, expert witness, cultural broker.
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During WWII what role did applied anthropologist fulfill?
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Improve morale. Increase understanding of enemies and allies. Enemies being Germany, Italy, and Japan. Study of food preferences.
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What does Cultural relativism foster?
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Tolerance in anthropologists. Necessary when working with diverse populations. Particularly relevant for applied anthropologists working in complex groups.
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In which sub-discipline of anthropology, does a Cultural Resource Manager have training
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Contract archaeologists. Seeks to recover and preserve the archaeological record before programs of planned change disturb or destroy it.
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What happened to the babies’ health after being fed the Nestle baby formula?
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A Lot of the babies began to die because the water they were using was not pure. Also they did not sterilize the bottles properly when they would feed them. They were fed contaminated water. They got diarrhea which led to them becoming dehydrated. Also intestinal infections. Mothers could not return to breast feeding.
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Review the section on nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands
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Nuclear testing was done on the islands. The people were allowed to come back to the island too soon causing many to get cancer.
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Review the example used on the airport on the island of Truk
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Did not consult the people, prevented villagers from moving, destroyed several cultural/historic landmarks.
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What strategies were suggested by Dembo’s study of crack dealers?
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Improving the vocational and educational skills of adolescents so they will have more access to legitimate work.
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Forensic anthropologists and their work
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Uses traditional physical anthropology methods to help identify crime scene victims. Place skeleton into a racial category. Determine gender. Sometimes suggest cause of death. Work with Law enforcement agencies.
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Which anthropology is more collaborative?
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Applied anthropology
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CULTURAL ECOLOGY
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An approach to the study of anthropology that assumes that people who reside in similar environments are likely to develop similar technologies, social structures, and political institutions.
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THEORY
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A general statement about how two or more facts are related to one another.
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INDUCTIVE APPROACH
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The act or process of reasoning involving the development of general theories from the study of a number of specific cases. Franz Boas insisted on this approach.
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ETHNOSCIENCE
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A theoretical school popular in the 1950s and 1960s that tries to understand a culture from the point of view of the people being studied.
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HYPOTHESIS
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An educated hunch about the relationship among certain variable that guides a research project.
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The three stages for Unilineal evolution Which anthropologists are associated with this theory?
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savagery, barbarian and civilization
Tylor and Morgan |
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Understand the principle of diffusion, what did diffusionists concentrate on?
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Societies change as a result of cultural borrowing from one another.
Used deductive approach, Overemphasized the idea of diffusion. |
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What did Boas say about the approach to anthropology fieldwork and theory?
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Ethnographic facts must precede the development of cultural theories. Any culture is partially composed of traits diffused from other cultures. Direct fieldwork is absolutely essential. Each culture is unique.
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Understand the Functionalist theory and the men involved with this theory
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A theory of social stratification holding that social stratification exists because it contributes to the overall well-being of a society. Malinowski.
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Neoevolutionism and White and Steward. What was White’s major theory based on?
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Neoevolutionism- Culture evolves when people increase their production of energy.
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What was Margaret Mead’s research topic when she went to Samoa?
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Psychological Anthropology.
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The reforestation project in Haiti; what did Murray recommend that solved the problem?
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Plant domestication held the key to the solution of Haiti’s tree problem.
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The three female anthropologists involved in Feminist Anthropology in the 1960s and 1970s
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Lamphere, Ortner, Rosaldo
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Levi-Strauss and his theory of binary oppositions; French structuralism
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Binary oppositions- a theoretical orientation holding that cultures are the product of unconscious processes of the human mind.
French Structuralism a theoretical orientation holding that cultures are the product of unconscious processes of the human mind. |
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Define a pluralistic society
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Societies composed of a number of different cultural or subcultural groups.
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INFORMANT
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A person who provides information about his or her culture to the ethnographic fieldworker.
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FIELDWORK
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The practice in which an anthropologist is immersed in the daily life of a culture in order to collect data and test cultural hypotheses.
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HRAF (Human Relations Area Files)
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the world’s largest anthropological data retrieval system, used to test cross-cultural hypotheses.
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CULTURE SHOCK
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A psychological disorientation experienced when attempting to operate in a radically different cultural environment.
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How does an anthropologist decide on the techniques they will use?
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Research design- the overall strategy for conducting research.
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Advice for conducting participant-observation in fieldwork
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select one role and use it consistently
Proceed slowly Assume the role of a student People are the experts. |
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What does fieldwork involve?
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Selecting a research problem, Formulating a Research Design, Collecting the Data, Analyzing the Data, Interpreting the Data.
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How can photography be used in fieldwork?
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Data Gathering. Sharing pictures of cultural objects.
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Is it important for anthropologists to learn another language?
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Yes because it makes it easier.
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What disadvantages might participant observation have?
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Small sample size, difficult to obtain standardized comparable data. Problems of recording. Obtrusive effect on subject matter.
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To whom do anthropologists have a responsibility?
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The people under study, The local communities, the host governments and their own government, members of the scholarly community, organizations that sponsor research, their own students.
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Symptoms of Culture Shock
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Homesickness, boredom, withdrawal, excessive sleep, compulsive eating or drinking, irritability, exaggerated cleanliness, marital stress and family tension, Chauvinistic excesses, stereotyping and hostility toward host nationals, Loss of ability to work effectively, unexplainable weeping.
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How should you conduct ethnographic interviews?
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Obtain informed consent. Maintain neutrality, Don’t convey what may be the “desired” answer. Be sure questions are understandable and culturally relevant. Keep the recording unobtrusive. Make certain the conditions under which the interviews are conducted are consistent. Use simple, clean, and jargon-free language, Phrase questions positively. Keep the questions and the interview short. Avoid questions that have two parts to the answer. Save controversial questions for the end.
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