Anthro 161 Final

Front 1

What are the advantages of using primates as analogies for our early ancestors over modern humans?

Back 1

-modern humans are to advanced
-common ancestors
-primates have changed

Front 2

If humans and living primates share a behavior, what does it tell us?

Back 2

-common ancestor
-part of our primate base

Front 3

Name three characteristics that modern humans share with living primates

Back 3

-mother/infant bond
-intelligence
-facial expressions
-social behavior

Front 4

Is social behavior characteristic of most primates?

Back 4

yes it is

Front 5

What important function does grooming play in primate groups?

Back 5

produces tension, social blue

Front 6

Is grooming an important behavior in modern humans and explain your answer?

Back 6

dont groom, but touch is important especially as basics

Front 7

Give an example of a non-human primate that had an innovation, and what was that innovation?

Back 7

Emo, washes off sand from food, tool use

Front 8

What can lemurs tell us about our earliest ancestors?

Back 8

mother/infant bond
Facial expressions
social interactions

Front 9

What makes the study of lemurs difficult?

Back 9

up high in trees, not easy to study

Front 10

Describe three ways that lemurs are like humans and three ways that they are different?

Back 10

SAME
-facial expression
-mother/infant bond
-social interaction

DIFFERENT
-hands are not similar
-no food sharing
-estrous cycle
-no tool use

Front 11

What three things did you learn about lemurs from the video "Lemurs with John Cleese"?

Back 11

-Big variation
-in danger of extinction due to habit destruction
-facial expression

Front 12

Why have baboons been studied as an analogy for our early ancestors?

Back 12

-Live in right environment
-eat right range of food
-some hunting
-savannah dwellers
-large range of diet

Front 13

What factors make baboons a less than ideal analogy for our early ancestors?

Back 13

-not closely related
-biologically different

Front 14

Do female baboons have a high status and explain your answer?

Back 14

yes, they choose who they mate with
knowledgeable, affects offspring

Front 15

Describe three ways that baboons are like humans and three ways that they are different?

Back 15

DIFFERENT
-not territorial
-no foodsharing
-estrous cycle

SAME
-mother/infant bond
-social bond
-facial expressions

Front 16

What three things did you learn about baboons from the video "Baboon tales"?

Back 16

-takes a decade for young baboons to learn everything
-establish rank through mothers
-females pass rank
-very social

Front 17

Are orangutan social creatures, and if so why are they not that way in the wild?

Back 17

yes, can not support groups. existence in wild is solitary. Dont invite an orangutan for dinner. Social by nature.

Front 18

What threatens the orangutan's survival, and what strategy is being used to save them?

Back 18

habitat destruction, halfway houses
careful stages of moving back into the wild

Front 19

Describe three ways that orangutans are like humans and three ways that they are different?

Back 19

LIKE
-Mother/infant bond
-Social by nature
-curious

DIFFERENT
-estrous cycle
-loco motion
-

Front 20

What major problem inhibits the study of orangutans in the wild and how were they overcome?

Back 20

live in forests, dangerous to move upon trees
solitary is difficult to observe in the wild
overcome by following them, wearing neutral clothing, being patient and persistent

Front 21

What major problems inhibited the study of gorillas in the wild and how were they overcome?

Back 21

Dont want to be around humans
live high up in mountains or African Forest
Dangerous
overcome by habituation and to pretend to be like them

Front 22

What two things threatens the gorilla's survival?

Back 22

- poachers
- habitat destruction

Front 23

What myth about the gorillas was destroyed by Diane Fossey's work?

Back 23

That they were blood thirsty killers and that they were savages

Front 24

Describe three ways that gorillas are like humans and three ways that they are different?

Back 24

LIKE
-mother/infant bond
-facial expressions
-Little tool use

DIFFERENT
-vegetarian
-bipedalism
-estrous cycle

Front 25

What three things did you learn about gorillas from the gorilla video that we saw in class?

Back 25

1. they are shy
2. they are social
3. they are not killer beasts
4. they have harems

Front 26

Describe three ways that chimps are like humans and three ways that they are different?

Back 26

LIKE
-tool use
-mother/infant bond
-social

DIFFERENT
-estrous cycle
-walk on all fours
-simplistic

Front 27

Why are chimps considered the best analogy for our early ancestors?

Back 27

genetically they are similar to us

Front 28

Give two examples of chimp tool use

Back 28

-chews up leaves for sponges
-sticks to fish for termites

Front 29

Do male chimps climb to the top of the dominance hierarchy by use of brute force alone? Explain your answer

Back 29

no, your mom and brothers help
you need friends to get to the top
intelligence

Front 30

Do chimps have culture? Explain your answer

Back 30

Yes, chimps in different areas have different innovations

Front 31

how do chimps communicate?

Back 31

panhoots, facial expressions, body language

Front 32

What three things did you learn about chimps from the video "People of the Forest"?

Back 32

-social outcasts
- warfare
-Flint was a spoiled brat

Front 33

how are Bonobo chimps different from the Common chimps and what is the implication of this difference for the study of our ancestors?

Back 33

Bonobo are more bi-pedal
Bonobo have no estrous cycle
No fighting over women
instead of grooming they have sex
better model for human, we also dont have an estrous cycle

Front 34

What three things did you learn about chimps from the video "The new chimpanzees"?

Back 34

-They are cannibals
-likes meat but doesnt digest it well
-they are wild
-organized hunting
-alpha females

Front 35

What does the skull and low skeleton of homo erectus tell us about how different parts of the body evolve at different rates?

Back 35

different parts of the body evolve at different rates

Front 36

Who first found homo erectus and where?

Back 36

Jane De Bouis at Java

Front 37

On what continents were homo erectus found?

Back 37

Africa, Asia, Europe

Front 38

What was the impact on the fossil record of the ancient and popular Chinese cure-all, dragon bones?

Back 38

No dragons, there are fossils though
Fossils are ground-up for a cure-all remedy/medicine

Front 39

Why did the find of homo erectus not bring any joy to Dubois?

Back 39

because his peers did not believe him
people did not believe his finds

Front 40

What clue led researchers to look towards China for the remains of our early ancestors?

Back 40

American scientist found a human tooth in grounded up dragon bones which suggested it was an Ancient human

Front 41

What does discovery and then disappearance of the Choukoutien (Zhoukoudian) and what does it tell us about life during the time of homo erectus?

Back 41

curious for our ancestor but war disallows us to discover, best and worst of human curiosity

Front 42

What are 4 pieces of evidence that were found at Choukoutien (Zhoukoudian) and what does it tell us about life during the time of homo erectus?

Back 42

1. tools
2. Fire
3. animal bones
4. fossil remains of our ancestors

Front 43

What did the alternating strata at Choukoutien (Zhoukoudian) tell us about the occupancy of this cave site?

Back 43

lowest strata homo erectus
alternating between homo erectus and cave bears and by the top its primarily homo erectus

Front 44

What are 4 pieces of evidence that were found at Terra Amata and what does it tell us about life during the time of homo erectus?

Back 44

1. postholes suggests structures
2. animal bones-tells us what they ate
3. tools
4. footprints- closest we have to homo erectus

Front 45

how did Glynn Isaac initially interpret the sites of Olorgesailie and what was wrong with his interpretations?

Back 45

evidence of hunting site, it was a bend in the river and could just be a deposit

Front 46

Who initially excavated at the site of Torralba and what was his back ground in archeology?

Back 46

Marque de Saralbo Amateur archeologist

Front 47

how did F. Clark howell initially interpret the sites of Torralba and Ambrona, and what was wrong with his interpretations?

Back 47

tools are not associated with elephants, evidence doesnt support

Front 48

Was homo erectus a hunter or a scavenger and support your answer?

Back 48

Earlier were scavengers then evolved to hunters depends on the time period and location

Front 49

Is a hand ax an efficient hunting tool and support your answer?

Back 49

No. very small and too close

Front 50

how would the increase in brain size effect the ability of homo erectus to hunt or scavenge?

Back 50

larger crainial capacity, understand how animals behave. are able to adjust and change hunting behaviors

Front 51

What are the skeletal differences between homo habilis and homo erectus?

Back 51

bigger body and larger brain

Front 52

What three impacts does fire have on homo erectus?

Back 52

-cook meat
-warmth
-protection from predators

Front 53

What trait allowed homo erectus to migrate out of Africa?

Back 53

Body size

Front 54

Name three traits allowed homo erectus to migrate out of the tropics.

Back 54

1. Fire
2. better tools
3. better hunting abilities

Front 55

What does the latest finds of homo erectus in Germany tell us about this species?

Back 55

Javelins, Wooden spears: more capable/better hunters

Front 56

how would you characterize the shift from homo erectus to Neanderthal?

Back 56

Slow gradual process

Front 57

how does Binford's views of Neanderthal life differ from the popular view painted by "Time-Life" books, and what evidence does Binford use to support his view?

Back 57

Binford view is separate families, very different, based on location of materials inside cave

Front 58

Did all the Neanderthals or Archaic homo sapiens live in the frozen north?

Back 58

No

Front 59

What effect did the early focus by Prehistorians on European Neanderthal have on our perception of Neanderthal?

Back 59

Slow and stupid

Front 60

What were the populations of Neanderthal in the Near East like?

Back 60

More variation, more hybrids

Front 61

how can you explain the difference between the Neanderthals of Western Europe and those of the middle east?

Back 61

Natural selection

Front 62

Why is it so important whether Neanderthal is called homo sapiens Neanderthalensis or homo neanderthalensis?

Back 62

homo sapian would be related to us, sub species vs. different species

Front 63

how are Neanderthals like modern homo sapiens and how are they different?

Back 63

culturally similar, biologically different

Front 64

What evidence of the similarity between Neanderthal and homo sapiens was found at Shanidar Cave?

Back 64

burial with flowers

Front 65

What allowed homo sapiens to replace Neanderthals in Europe?

Back 65

living longer, reproducing more

Front 66

What do the early dates of homo sapiens found in Africa tell us?

Back 66

evolved in Africa, and then moved out and left. fossil dates agree with the mitochondria data

Front 67

how does the archeological record and the DNA studies disagree in terms of the relationship between homo sapiens and heanderthal?

Back 67

DNA and archeological data in conflict, dont agree

Front 68

What are the problems that have been recently found in the mitochondrial DNA study?

Back 68

Sample size were small, mutation rate, math errors

Front 69

What does the latest extraction of DNA from Neanderthal bone tell us and not tell us about this species?

Back 69

They are separate species, does not tell us about Middle eastern population

Front 70

What are some of the possible reasons for the rapid changes that we see in the cultures of people during the Upper Paleolithic?

Back 70

Shifting from biological evolution to cultural evolution

Front 71

Does cave art represent an objective view of the ice age world, and why or why not?

Back 71

No, people and veggies, are missing. They choose what to portray

Front 72

Why does the cave art not just represent art like we have- posters on walls, paintings in museums?

Back 72

hidden in caves, not where people live

Front 73

What is the most likely way that paint was applied to the Upper Paleolithic cave walls?

Back 73

Spitting on walls

Front 74

What three characteristics do we see for the first time in the Middle Paleolithic, with the appearance of Neanderthals, that shows us the first glimmer of Neanderthals' human-like qualities?

Back 74

1. burials
2. sophisticated tool use
3. ritual behavior
4. artwork

Front 75

What three characteristics do we see for the first time in the Upper Paleolithic, with the appearance of homo sapiens that represent the first true appearance of humanity?

Back 75

1. complex tool technology
2. regional variations
3. explosion of art