Anthro 161

Front 1

1. What are the advantages of using primates as analogies for our early ancestors over modern humans?

Back 1

Observe primate/behavior, we have common ancestors to primates and humans, primates have changed less.

Front 2

2. If humans and living primates share a behavior, what does it tell us?

Back 2

It is very likely common ancestor had that trait

Front 3

3. Name three characteristics that modern humans share with living primates.

Back 3

Touch/grooming, intelligence, communication, social behavior, tool use, hunting, mother/infant bond

Front 4

4. Is social behavior characteristic of most primates?

Back 4

Yes

Front 5

5. What important function does grooming play in primate groups?

Back 5

Social glue that holds the society together, reaffirms bonds, calming

Front 6

6. Is grooming an important behavior in modern humans and explain your answer?

Back 6

Sort of, touch important. Hairdressers enjoy hair being played with ect. Children not cuddled with develop in a non healthy manner

Front 7

7. Give an example of a non-human primate that had an innovation, and what was that innovation?

Back 7

Snow Monkey Imo, sweet potatoes washing in sand, Time of invention -> ten years 90 percent are washing food.

Front 8

8. What can lemurs tell us about our earliest ancestors?

Back 8

Reflect early stage of primate evolution due to isolation; small, social, mother/infant bond, don’t have opposable thumb (but similar hand), adaptive radiation

Front 9

9. What makes the study of lemurs difficult?

Back 9

They are fast, tree dwelling animals living in dense forest area

Front 10

10. Describe three ways that lemurs are like humans and three ways that they are different?

Back 10

Sociable, Strong mother/infant bond, sun bathing

Live in trees, stink wars, infants brought into fight, females have high status

Front 11

11. What three things did you learn about lemurs from the video Lemurs with John Cleese?

Back 11

Lemurs are an endangered species, raised in captivity, Lemur = ghost, originated from rafting ancestor, Fusa a second biggest predator to humans ,

Front 12

12. Why have baboons been studied as an analogy for our early ancestors?

Back 12

Similar hunting behavior, omnivorous, environment same as Lucy’s

Front 13

13. What factors make baboons a less than ideal analogy for our early ancestors?

Back 13

Monkeys, not ape. Biologically more distantly related.

Front 14

14. Do female baboons have high status and explain your answer?

Back 14

Yes, knowledge is important. Grandma they relied on to find food, daughter had a higher status.

Front 15

15. Describe three ways that baboons are like humans and three ways that they are different?

Back 15

Social behavior, mother/infant bond, environment, food sharing of meat, hunting, emotionality friendships and will to live

Eye flashes, vocalizations, big canines, status of the mother effects the child, shielding w/ infant,

Front 16

16. What three things did you learn about baboons from the video Baboon Tales?

Back 16

Friendship is important, grieving over offspring, ect.

Front 17

17. Are orangutan social creatures, and if so why are they not that way in the wild?

Back 17

Yes when resources provide, environment and culture dictate a need for isolation.

Front 18

18. What threatens the orangutan’s survival, and what strategy is being used to save them?

Back 18

Half way houses, orangutan sanctuaries

Front 19

19. Describe three ways that orangutans are like humans and three ways that they are different?

Back 19

mother/infant bond, can be bipedal, need for stimulation
intellectual

strong male dominance hierarchy
estrus cycle, no discipline to offspring

Front 20

20. What major problem inhibits the study of orangutans in the wild and how were they overcome?

Back 20

Behavior changes when foreign element (human) is introduced, difficult to study in wild, move through trees….habituation with wild orangutans, persistence

Front 21

21. What three things did you learn about orangutans from the video The Disenchanted Forest?

Back 21

Domesticated orangutans highly dependent on care giver, unwillingness to be reintroduced into nature, Orangutan convey survival information through family and mate culture, rich environment to engage animal, tickle a couple times a day for well being and development of baby,

Front 22

22. What major problems inhibited the study of gorillas in the wild and how were they overcome?

Back 22

Secluded habitat, habituation necessary to study normal behaior, threatened by male researchers?

Front 23

23. What two things threatens the gorilla’s survival?

Back 23

Poachers, habitat destruction

Front 24

24. What myth about the gorillas was destroyed by Diane Fossey's work?

Back 24

Mean, violent creature.

Front 25

25. Describe three ways that gorillas are like humans and three ways that they are different?

Back 25

Father involvement in rearing young, social animals,

Harem, vegetarians, live in trees, eat 40% of the time, no tool use, estras cycle, no discipline to offsrping

Front 26

26. What three things did you learn about gorillas from the gorilla video that we saw in class?

Back 26

Black backs will challenge their father and then leave to start a family, extreme parental investments, weaned at three, gentle animals,

Front 27

27. Describe three ways that chimps are like humans and three ways that they are different?

Back 27

Sibling rivalries, emotionality, grieving, mother infant bond, omnivorous, hunt, use tools, they play, planned tool use

Estrus cycle, no houses, harrier, not as intelligent,

Front 28

28. Why are chimps considered the best analogy for our early ancestors?

Back 28

Common ancestor, 99-80% genetically similar to humans,

Front 29

29. Give two examples of chimp tool use.

Back 29

Fishing for termites, anvil and hammer for cracking nuts.

Front 30

30. Do male chimps climb to the top of the dominance hierarchy by use of brute force alone? Explain your answer.

Back 30

Maternity, supportive brothers (political), display or intelligence (canteen use), Freud and Frodo

Front 31

31. Do chimps have culture? Explain your answer.

Back 31

Yes, innovation and transmission between groups, different from troop to troop.

Front 32

32. How do chimps communicate?

Back 32

Leaf grooming, displaying, warning sounds to snake, come over here sounds, gestures, hugs, high fives, kisses, rude hand gestures

Front 33

33. What three things did you learn about chimps from the video People Of The Forest?

Back 33

Opportunistic hunters, and organized, meat eaters, biologically set up to eat fruit and veggies

Comfort each other to release tension, body language is similar to humans, Chimps suckle till 5, can be weaned prematurely for younger sibling.

Front 34

34. How are Bonobo chimps different from the Common chimps and what is the implication of this difference for the study of our ancestors?

Back 34

No estrus cycle in bonobos, rounded face in bonobo, more bipedal…much less aggressive, larger troops, they have alpha female

Front 35

35. What three things did you learn about chimps from the video The New Chimpanzees?

Back 35

Cannibalism and infanticide - due to pop?, hunting in groups for personal gain, Bonobos have alpha females (different from chimps)

Front 36

36. What does the skull and low skeleton of Homo erectus tell us about how different parts of the body evolve at different rates?

Back 36

Lower skeleton involves at faster rate, skull is lesser developed. Different body parts evolve at a different rates.

Front 37

37. Who first found Homo erectus and where?

Back 37

Eugene DuBois, Java South East Asia

Front 38

38. On what continents were Homo erectus found?

Back 38

Asia, Europe, Africa

Front 39

39. What was the impact on the fossil record of the ancient and popular Chinese cure-all, dragon bones?

Back 39

Dragon bones = fossils, Ground up into powder for curing, Workers were stealing from DuBois for Chinese merchants. Destroyed lots of fossils

Front 40

40. Why did the find of Homo erectus not bring any joy to Dubois?

Back 40

Doesn’t fit with preconception of the smart ape, met with disbelief everywhere. (Skull and tooth did not fit rest of body. Lower part of body is human, from that point on development of brain.)

Front 41

41. What clue led researchers to look towards China for the remains of our early ancestors?

Back 41

Tooth in among the dragon bones

Front 42

42. What does discovery and then disappearance of the Choukoutien (Zhoukoudian) fossils during World War II tell us about or species?

Back 42

Shipped off to America, fossils disappear, elaborate rouse, remains a mystery. Best and worst of human nature. Curiosity to search for origins, fossils survive for thousands of years….once discovered they disappear within 12 due to wars ect. Ironic.

Front 43

43. What are 4 pieces of evidence that were found at Choukoutien (Zhoukoudian) and what does it tell us about life during the time of Homo erectus?

Back 43

Tools, Chips of Stone (level of technology)
hearths (control of fires),
Animal Bones found (diet)
Layers (Occupation of caves, control of caves)
Fossiled Hax Berries (Diet)
Homo Erectus Remains (Biology)

Front 44

44. What did the alternating strata at Choukoutien (Zhoukoudian) tell us about the occupancy of this cave site?

Back 44

Control of caves at what time, oscillation between animal and homo erectus, eventually just homo erectus

Front 45

45. What are 4 pieces of evidence that were found at Terra Amata and what does it tell us about life during the time of Homo erectus?

Back 45

Hand axes (Technology)
Post Hole (Structure of buildings)
Hearth (Control of fire)
Pattern of debris (Show work and sleep areas)
Animal bones (diet)
Geologic deposits (physical geography of environment)

Front 46

46. How did Glynn Isaac initially interpret the sites of Olorgesailie and what was wrong with his interpretations?

Back 46

Suggested it was a mass kill site of baboons, potentially just natural; a bend in the river where already dead baboons were scavenged.

Front 47

47. Who initially excavated at the site of Torralba and what was his back ground in archeology?

Back 47

The Grand Marquis, amateur archeologists

Front 48

48. How did F. Clark Howell initially interpret the sites of Torralba and Ambrona, and what was wrong with his interpretations?

Back 48

Example of hunters, kill site. Binford suggests scavenging site due to negative correlation of remains. Coming together at night fall, collaborative hunting, fanciful tale of efficient and capable hunting.

Front 49

49. Was Homo erectus a hunter or a scavenger and support your answer?

Back 49

Scavenger, early Later, hunting In reference to deposits, Germany site has javlans and horse bones earlier sites have bits and pieces of bone, really no evidence of hunting.

Front 50

50. Is a Hand Ax an efficient hunting tool and support your answer?

Back 50

No, must be close range to use and having to run down animal. Hand to hand cobat with hand ax inefficient and death wish

Front 51

51. How would the increase in brain size effect the ability of Homo erectus to hunt or scavenge?

Back 51

Leopards cash meat gather is latter ect. , see and retain patterns of nature helps with everything

Front 52

52. What are the skeletal differences between Homo habilis and Homo erectus?

Back 52

Cranial size in erectus is much larger, larger body size

Front 53

53. What three impacts does fire have on Homo erectus?

Back 53

cook meat access to more calories, protects from predators, warmth, social element

Front 54

54. What trait allowed Homo erectus to migrate out of Africa?

Back 54

Biologically adaptive, larger brain, larger body size = more capable creature, stronger
*Bigger body

Front 55

55. Name three traits allowed Homo erectus to migrate out of the tropics.

Back 55

Cultural: fire, more sophisticated tools, intelligence, better structures

Front 56

56. What does the latest finds of Homo erectus in Germany tell us about this species?

Back 56

Hunters, more capable, more human-like

Front 57

57. How would you characterize the shift from Homo erectus to Neanderthal?

Back 57

Slow, gradual process

Front 58

58. How does Binford's views of Neanderthal life differ from the popular view painted by "Time-Life" books, and what evidence does Binford use to support his view?

Back 58

Men and women not dividing labor. Each on their own, based on structure of sites.

Front 59

59. Did all the Neanderthals or Archaic Homo sapiens live in the frozen north?

Back 59

No, Also in the middle east

Front 60

60. What effect did the early focus by Prehistorians on European Neanderthal have on our perception of Neanderthal?

Back 60

Variability in archaic homo sapiens are overlooked.

Front 61

61. What were the populations of Neanderthal in the Near East like?

Back 61

Hybrids, milder climate, not as robust, not as big boned.

Front 62

62. How can you explain the difference between the Neanderthals of Western Europe and those of the Middle East?

Back 62

ME: hybrids, interacting earlier with homo sapiens, ice sheet not making them as genetically different. not as harsh an environment, interacting earlier and longer with homo sapiens and neaderthal
Europe: Not viable partners, , gene flow and nat. selection not to be as robust

Front 63

63. Why is it so important whether Neanderthal is called Homo sapiens Neanderthalensis or Homo Neanderthalensis?

Back 63

How closely related to humans, are they a sub species? Are they direct ancestors? Sub species of us v. different species

Front 64

64. How are Neanderthals like modern Homo sapiens and how are they different?

Back 64

Like us culturally, unlike us biologically

Front 65

65. What evidence of the similarity between Neanderthal and Homo sapiens was found at Shanidar Cave?

Back 65

Flowers found at burial site, medicinal properties heal in afterlife?

Front 66

66. What allowed Homo sapiens to replace Neanderthals in Europe?

Back 66

Better intelligence, larger groups, better survival skills,

Front 67

67. What do the early dates of Homo sapiens found in Africa tell use?

Back 67

Our ancestors from Africa, moving out and outcompeting neaderthals.

Front 68

68. How does the archeological record and the DNA studies disagree in terms of the relationship between Homo sapiens and Neanderthal?

Back 68

Mitochondrial DNA data shows difference between species
Archeology data shows similarity between species

Front 69

69. What are the problems that have been recently found in the mitochondrial DNA study?

Back 69

Small sample size, simple math errors, mutation rate maybe incorrect

Front 70

70. What does the latest extraction of DNA from Neanderthal bone tell us and not tell us about this species.

Back 70

All DNA data shows different species, does not tell about Middle Eastern Population.

Front 71

71. What are some of the possible reasons for the rapid changes that we see in the cultures of people during the Upper Paleolithic?

Back 71

Large pop size, pool of large knowledge shared

Front 72

72. Does cave art represent an objective view of the ice age world, and why or why not?

Back 72

No, people rare, plants never seen. Not a view of their world stuff missing. There is a reason.

Front 73

73. Why does the cave art not just represent art like we have - posters on walls, paintings in museums?

Back 73

No, not in places where ppl are living deep in caves

Front 74

74. What is the most likely way that paint was applied to the Upper Paleolithic cave walls?

Back 74

spitting

Front 75

75. What three characteristics do we see for the first time in the Middle Paleolithic, with the appearance of Neanderthals, that shows us the first glimmer of Neanderthals' human-like qualities?

Back 75

Burials, art, care of the infirmed and elderly

Front 76

76. What three characteristics do we see for the first time in the Upper Paleolithic, with the appearance of Homo sapiens that represent the first true appearance of humanity?

Back 76

, trade, ethnic identity, status differences,