Anthro

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B. Reconstruction of the anatomy

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behavior and ecology of our ancestors

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C. Multidisciplinary pursuit seeking to reconstruct every bit of information possible concerning the dating

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anatomy

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2. The earliest artifacts usually made of stone or

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occasionally

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2. Taphonomists study the processes of sedimentaion

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the action of streams

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Zinjanthropus "1. cranium

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discovered by Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge in 1959

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Stratigraphy Based on the law of superposition

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that a lower stratum (layer) is older than a higher stratum

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Stable Carbon Isotopes "1. Isotopes of carbon that are produced in plants in differeing proportions

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depending on environmental conditions

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Stone Tool (Lithic) Technology "A. When struck properly

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certain types of stone will fracture in a controlled way; these nodules are called blanks

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B. The smaller piece that comes off is called a flake

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while the larger remaining chunk is called a core

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C. Both core and flake have shap edges useful for cutting

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sawing

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B. Microscopic silica structures formed in the cells of many plants

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particularly grasses

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Microwear "B. Bright

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smooth areas are microwaar polish

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C. Dark

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grainy areas are unworn flint surface

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blanks nodules that when struck properly

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certain types of stone will fracture in a controlled way

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Hunting hypothesis (Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion) Bipedalism allowed carrying of weapons

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more accurate throwing of certain weapons

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Feeding from bushes hypothesis (Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion) upright posture provided access to seeds

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barries

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Thermoregulation (cooling) hypothesis (Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion) Vertical posture exposes less of the body to direct sun

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incresed distance from ground facilitates cooling by increased exposure to breezes

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1) Bipedal

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thick enamel"

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3. They all have large teeth

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particularly the back teeth

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"Lucy" "1. A large portion of a hominin skeleton

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discovered at Hadar in 1974

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Features of Australopithecus Afarensis Teeth "1. Canines are often large

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pointed teeth

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iii. Small cranial capacity

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large molars and jaws

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iii. Small cranial capacity

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large molars and jaws

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2. the endocast is in back

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with the fossilized bone mandible and face in front"

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2. specifically referred to as Homo Habilis by Leakey and his colleagues

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but generally referred to as “early Homo”

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D. Cleaning

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preparing

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H. erectus features "A. Oldest Specimens of H. erectus have been found in East Africa

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dated about 1.8 mya

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C. lived in lakeshores

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riversides

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D. scavenged and ate at least some meat

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"

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2. the Ngandog individuals date from 50

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000 to 25

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Zhoukoudian

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Peking "1. 40 male and female adults and children have been found near Zhoukoudian

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i. the site was occupied for 250

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000 years

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ii. 40% of bones were from individuals less than 14 years old

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2.6% were from individuals between 50-60 years"

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a charred ostrich eggshells

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hackberry seeds"

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Fossils in Atapuerca

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Spain "1. sima del elefante – 1.2 mya

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biface tools stone that was worked on both sides and used to cut

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scrape

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Glaciations are associated with _____ temperatures in northern latitudes and more _____ conditions in southern latitudes

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notably in Africa colder

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Homo heidelbergensis "1. 850

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000 to 200

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2. Africa

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Europe and perhaps Asia

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Interglacial in northern latitudes are associated with _____ temperatures while in southern latitudes the climate becomes _____. Warmer

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Wetter

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a 600

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000 ya

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Gran Dolina

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Spain "i. Earliest H. heidelbergensis at 850

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a Flattened nasal bones

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sagittal ridge – present from Erectus to modern populations

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b Large cranial capacity

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thin braincase

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Characteristics of Neanderthals "A. 130

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000 ya

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C. Cranium: long

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low and bulging at the sides

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2. each time strike an edge

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produce a flake

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3. Then trim the flakes into various forms

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such as scrapers

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Shanidar 1 "1. Among the individuals buried at the Shanidar cave is a skeleton of a one armed

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partially blind

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Neanderthal Settlements "A. Neanderthals lived in open sites

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caves and rock shelters

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C. Fire used for cooking

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warmth

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Neanderthal Burials "A. 90

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000 ya at Tabun

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B. burials included grave goods

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animal bones

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2. 195

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000 ya

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1. 160-154

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000 ya

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Modern H. sapiens finds in Central Europe "A. Mlade c & Dolní V estonice crania

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from Czech Republic

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B. 31

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000 ya

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Flores Homininds "A. Dated to about 18

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000 to 13

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Complete Replacement theory "ii. Proposes anatomically modern populations arose in Africa about 200

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000 years ago

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iii. They migrated from Africa

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completely replacing populations in Europe and Asia

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Regional continuity theory "ii. Populations in Europe

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Asia

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Partial replacement theory "ii. Postulates the earliest dates for African modern H. sapiens at over 100

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000 ya

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iv. Moving into Eurasia

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modern humans hybridized wit resident groups

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Gigantopithecus "an extinct genus of ape that existed from roughly one million years to as recently as three-hundred thousand years ago

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[1] in what is now China

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standing up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) and weighing up to 540 kilograms (1

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200 lb)"

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hominin the tribe of Homininae that comprises humans (Homo)

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and two species of the genus Pan (common chimpanzees and bonobos)

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Leakey Family "Mary Leakey

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who made the noteworthy discovery of fossil footprints at Laetoli. Found preserved in volcanic ash in Tanzania

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knapping he shaping of flint

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chert

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pressure flaking a method of trimming the edge of a stone tool by removing small lithic flakes by pressing on the stone with a sharp instrument rather than striking it with a percussor. This method

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which often uses punches made from bone or antler tines (or

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environmental determinism the view that the physical environment

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rather than social conditions

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habitual bipedalism whose normal method of locomotion is two-legged. Within mammals

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habitual bipedalism has evolved four times

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2. In a bone structure

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the portion of the bone carrying the load will usually be reinforced (ie thicker/buttressed)

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2. The ossa coxae are shorter

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broader

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Australopithecus anamensis stem-human species that lived approximately four million years ago. Nearly one hundred fossil specimens are known from Kenya [1][2] and Ethiopia [3]

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representing over 20 individuals

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Australopithecus africanus early hominid

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an australopithecine

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Saggittal crest ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull (at the sagittal suture) of many mammalian and reptilian skulls

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among others

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Nariokotomoe site of Nariokotome is located in the Lake Turkana region of Kenya

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where the nearly complete skeleton of a boy between the ages of 11 and 13 and classified as Homo ergaster was found in 1984 by Alan Walker and Kamoya Kimeu. The site is about 1.5 million years old.

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ngangdong known as Solo Man and formerly classified as Homo sapiens soloensis

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is generally now regarded as a subspecies of the extinct hominin

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Middle Pleistocene 780000-125

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000 ya

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Upper Pleistocene 125

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000ya to 10

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B. Middle Pleistocene – 780000-125

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000 ya

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C. Upper Pleistocene – 125

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000ya to

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Swanscombe Bone fragments and tools

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representing the earliest humans known to have lived in England

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Moula-Guercy "Cave Site (120

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000 to 100

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2. bones were processed

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defleshed and disarticulated

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1. 1

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000 fragments from 79 individuals

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Upper Paleolithic changes in human tools and symbols "I. 35

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000 – 45

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B. Tools made from various materials including antler

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ivory

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E. Symbolic expression

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art

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2. Date limestone formations

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estimate age of sites"

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2. Date dental enamel

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corroborate dating various sites in Israel