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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chronometric Methods of Dating |
K/Ar Dating: Potassium/Argon, used for much earlier dating. Half-life of 1.3 billion years. Carbon Dating: Cannot be used for early hominins, studies transition from carbon 12 to carbon 14 Paleomagnetic: has to do with poles and earth's magnetic force field |
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Relative methods of dating |
Biostrategraphy- using different eras in geology to date a fossil law of superposition |
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Olduvai Gorge |
Tanzania Occupied by Homo habilis 1.9 mya Paranthropus boisei 1.8 mya Homo erectus 1.2 mya |
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Zinjanthropus |
early hominin largest of the paranthropus genus eastern africa discovered by mary leakey at olduvai bipedal (central foramen magnum), small cranial capacity |
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Paranthropus bosei |
* refers to entire species of boisei, not just Zinj
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Early Homo |
Johnny's Child - No sagital crest, smaller molars, more gracile, very human-like Homo erectus Homo habilis - the toolmaker. possibly as far back as 80 mya |
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Leakey |
discovered the olduvai gorge tested darwin's theory that humans all come from africa |
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Robust australopiths |
group of fossil homonins east and southern africa 2.5 and 1.4 million ya LARGE postcanine teeth |
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Taung Child |
austrolopithecus africanus south africa discovered by raymond dart endocast (brain-like rock) brain was human-like revealed face: higher forehead, not much brow development, not highly prognathic, definitely a human ancestor |
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Paranthrobus robustus |
south africa 1.8 mya really big molars, small incisors and canines sagital crest
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Little Foot |
Found by Ron Clark four foot bones hindfoot like human, forefoot like apes proof of bipedalism - adducted big toe |
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autralopithicus africanus |
south africa taung baby cental foramen magnum early human ancestor |
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Piltdown Man |
Forgery found by Dawson fluorine dating: none in piltdown |
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evidence for bipedalism |
central foramen magnum laterally situated femur adducted big toe centrally placed foramen magnum weight bearing greater trochanter in femur sigmoid curved spine (s-shaped) bicondylar angle (lateral femur) |
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evidence for time in trees |
longer arms, appendable big toes |
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Sagital crest and masticatory anatomy |
anchor for big jaw muscles not present in Homos boisei, paranthropus robustus |
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Allopatric and Sympatric speciation |
Allopatric: group becomes geographically separated therefore eventually becomes two different species Sympatric: group shares the same habitat and are geographically and reproductively isolated |
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Phyletic Gradualism |
gradual emergence of species microevolution - small changes macroevolution - large changes |
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punctuated equilibrium |
evolution happens suddenly |
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Half Life |
Mathmatically figure out how old something is how long it takes for a substance to decay before it is another element Potassium: 5.3 Argon: 1.3 |
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Proconsul |
emerged during Miocene extinct genus of primates no tails suspendatory
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Plesiadapamorphes |
earliest primate enormously diverse some had opposable big toe, some had nails no postorbital bar more like streps
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Molecular date for earliest primate |
80 mya |
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Phylogenic species concept |
Splitting many populations into separate species based on an identifiable parental pattern of ancestry. |
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Biological species concept |
focuses on how isolation leads to isolotation reproduction and species formation |
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Ring species |
Imagine a ring and then one part of the ring gets ruined and those two sides can't breed anymore. |
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Introgression |
transfer of info from one species to another |
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Homology |
reflect common descent. human arms and whale fins things with sharp teeth |
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Analogy |
similarities between organisms based strictly on common functions with no assumed common evolutionary descent. When they are the same trait but change over time. - sharks and dolphins are not related but look similar |
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Homoplasy |
The separate evolutionary development of similar characteristics in different groups of organisms.
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Cladogram |
series of clades shows groups of organisms with derived traits, common ancestors |
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Evolutionary systematics/Cladistics
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* Cladiistics- inherentley objective, misses biological meaning of things
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Ancesteral and Derived traits |
Acestral is like primitive, derived is evolutionarily developed |
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Areas of brain associated with language |
lateralize: language on left side, prosodic: musical elements of speech. cadence is right side. brocas: sensory, speech production, tool making wernike's: understandng and comprehension |
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Gene foxp2 |
human speech production, understanding grammar ancient gene. part of brain that controls human language. associated with changing songs in some birds.
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Chimps |
Pan troglydytes they live in equatorial Africa, knuckle walkers and spend lots of time in trees fission fusion societies multi male, multi female everyone has a role known through leakey and goodall eat figs, bugs, small mammals noisy and excitable less pronounced sexual diamorphism
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territorial disputes |
chimps are protective over territory bonobos have sex with newbies to welcome them
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Tai forest |
* unlike in gambe, they share among hunters more broadly
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chimp tool making |
Fongoli- spears Goodall 1960s either change definition of tool or change definition of man( chimps used small branches to get termites out) Mahale- used probes to get ants from trees Gambe- used tools to fish for termites- show differences in chimp culture throughout diff regions.
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chimp regional differences |
Tai Forest Very cooperative group related chores Gambe Jane Goodall organized chaos All for one hunt Collobus monkeys go fishing for termites shake branches as a signal for mating Mahale Used probes to get ants Showed cultural differences Alpha dominated mating- other regions not as much so, other chimps also have access to females broke off branches, pulled off leaves to initiate mating Fongoli- most open habitats we find chimps in (savannah like) hunting they make spears |
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vervets and semantic content |
vervets are a monkey. semantic: with meaning. |
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kanzi |
bonobo knew symbols without being taught |
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ape language experiments |
showed ability to express wants and desires using symbols. kanzi learned without being taught. lucy thought she was a human and other chimps were still chimps. |
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Bonobos |
similar to chimps, dark faced babies, sexual creatures, sex for pleasure, homosexual genital rubbing to break ice with other group, very sensitive (heart attacks) |
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Campbelle's monkeys |
prefixes and suffixes to monkey calls add things to make calls specific |
