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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the measurement of different aspects of the body, such as stature and skin
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anthropometry
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a human group defined in terms of sociological, cultural, and linguistic traits
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ethnic group
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Stipulates that body size is larger in colder climates to conserve body temperature
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Bermann's Rule
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Stipulates that in warmer climates, the limbs of the body are longer relative to body size to dissipate body heat
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Allen's Rule
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hole in occipital bone through which the spinal cord attaches to the brain
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foramen magnum
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flattened bony area of the occipital posterior to the foramen magnum, to which neck muscles attach
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nuchal plane
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pair of bones that compose the lateral parts of the pelvis; each is made up of 3 bones that fuse during adolescence
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innominate bones
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where the femur attaches to the pelvis
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acetabulum
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the enlarged inferior end of the femur that forms the top of the knee joint
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femoral condyles
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why bipedalism?
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-energy efficient compared to knuckle walkers
-ecological influences-travel farther for food so use less energy -picking food from trees -mating-look more impressive if standing up |
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having teeth that are uniform in form, shape and function
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homodont
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tooth array in which different teeth have different forms and functions
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heterodont
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combination of canine and first premolar tetth that form a self-sharpening apparatus
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CP3 Complex
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bony ridges on the skull to which muscles attach
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cranial crests
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Time: Sahelanthropus Tchadensis
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7.0 - 6.0 MYA
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Time: Orrorin Tugenesis
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6.0 MYA
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Time: Ardipithecus Ramidus
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4.4 MYA
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Time: Ardipithecus Kadabba
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5.8 - 5.2 MYA
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Time: Australopithecus Anamensis
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4.2 - 3.9 MYA
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Time: Australopithecus Afarensis
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3.9 - 2.9 MYA
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Time: Australopithecus Garhi
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2.5 MYA
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Time: Australopithecus Africanus
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3.5 - <2.0 MYA
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Time: Australopithecus Aethiopicus
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2.7-2.5 MYA
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Time: Australopithecus Boisei
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2.3 - 1.2 MYA
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Time: Australopithecus Robustus
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2.0 - 1.5 MYA
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when meat evolved in the diet
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1.8 MYA with Homo erectus
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fossilized feces
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coprolites
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Time: Holocene
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10 kya to now
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Time: Pleistocene
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1.8 mya - 10 kya
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Time: Pliocene
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5 mya - 1.8 mya
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Order of the Epochs of the tertiary, starting with the oldest
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Paleocene
Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Holocene |
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could be the earliest primate and when
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plesiadapiforms in paleocene
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earliest True Primates
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Omomyids and Adapids
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like modern tarsiers; small, insectivores - haplorine ancestor
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omomyids
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like modern lemurs; larger, fruit and leaves - strepsirrhine ancestor
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Adapids
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one of the earliest apes, looks like a monkey without a tail
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proconsul
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Gracile australopiths
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anamensis, afarensus and africanus
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Robust australopiths
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bosei, robustus and aethiopicus
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earliest tool complex, used by australopithecus
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olduwan
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closest relatives to primates
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tree shrews, colugos (flying lemur), then bats
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mineralized remains of a once living organism
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fossil
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systematic accumulation of genetic changes that can be used to estimate the time of divergence between two groups if relative rates are constant and a calibration point from the fossil record is available
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molecular clock
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how do angiosperms help make new niches
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angiosperms evolve in cretaceous, have a seed dispersal with fruits, create primate niches
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earliest anthropoids crome from where, and when
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Fayum, Egypt in the eocene
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Time: Homo habilis/rudolfensis
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2.3 - 1.8 MYA
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Time: Homo erectus
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1.8 - 900,000
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Time: Archaic Homo sapiens
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600,000 - 125,000
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Time: Homo neanderthalensis
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150,000 - 27,000
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Time: Homo sapiens
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200,000 - present
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Time: bipedality
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5 MYA
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Time: Big Brain
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400,000 ya
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carrying angle called
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valgus angle
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taung baby traits
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biped, less forehead recession than apes, human like canine, adult is size of bonobo, ancestor is A. africanus
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piltdown man
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hoax, jaw from orangutan and cranium from modern human
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Lucy
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3 ft tall, small brain, A. afarensis
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A. Afarensis
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short ape like arms, long ape like legs, ape like chest, human like pelvis, small brain, no diastema, sub nasal prognathism
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A. Africanus
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small brain, less prognathic, saggital crests,k sexually dimorphic
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A. aethiopicus
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earliest robust, large cranial crests, small brain, very prognathic
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How is homo defined?
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brain larger than 600cc, makes tools, bipeds
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homo habilis
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makes oldowan tools
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homo rudolfensis
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775cc, same time as habilis, bigger teeth
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oldowan tool types
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stone chopper, hammer, scrapper
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study of fossilization, preservation, modification, and archaeological processes
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taphonomy
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first and only fossil chimp
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just some teeth, 500,000 ya
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are habilis and rudolfensis A or H?
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A: brain size, sexual dimorphism, arboreality
H: tools, brain size, teeth, bipedal limb proportions |
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robust diet
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plant corms and tubers and termites
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a. garhi/homo diet
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marrow meat and plants
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homo erectus
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larger cc, thick browridges, strong occipital torus, thick cranial bones, long flat low braincase
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brow ridges AKA
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supra-orbital torus
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homo ergaster
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first hominid outside of africa, same as the earliest homo erectus, oldowan and acheulean tools
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nariokotome boy
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11 years old, very tall, no arboreal traits, robust bone and muscle attachment
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H. ergaster/erectus language
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small thin spinal cord, not like humans, small vertebral foramen
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acheulean tools
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bifaces, handaxes, picks
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movius line
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no acheulean east of the line
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homo and australopith teeth comparison
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homo is much sharper
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KNM-ER 1808 Homo erectus skeleton
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female with bad bone bleeding disease- proves they took care of each other
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The fossil Nariokotome boy revealed that Homo erectus
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had a very modern postcranial anatomy
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The earliest known Homo species is
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habilis
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Which trait distinguishes early Homo from Australopithecus?
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less facial prognathism and smaller teeth
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Studies of Oldowan tools suggest that they were used primarily for
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removing meat from bones as well as cracking open bones
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The earliest known stone tool industry is called
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Oldowan
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Based on distributions of stone tools and butchered bones, there appear to be three kinds of sites associated with Oldowan tools; home bases, butchering sites, and
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quarrying sites
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Recent interpretations of how early Homo acquired meat would suggest that _______ was a tactic used to acquire meat from large carcasses.
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active scavenging
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Recent evidence shows that Homo erectus had migrated outside Africa by
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1.7 mya
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Some scientists prefer to call early Homo erectus specimens from Africa by the name ________.
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Homo ergaster
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Homo erectus brain sizes range from _______ to _______ .
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700 cc, 1200 cc
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A signature characteristic of Homo erectus skulls are
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very large browridges
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The Nariokotome boy is famous because
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it is the most complete Homo erectus skeleton
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Homo erectus is eventually found in all the following places EXCEPT
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North America
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The earliest Homo erectus finds from outside Africa come from
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Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia
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At Ngandong in eastern Java Homo erectus fossils have been dated to as young as
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80,000 years ago
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The Acheulean stone tool industry is typified by _________.
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hand axes
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From the neck down, Homo erectus most resembles
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modern humans
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The diet of Homo erectus contains more _______ than the diets of previous hominids.
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meat
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Based on analysis of teeth, Homo erectus seems to have developed to maturity
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more rapidly than modern humans
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Classifications based on fossil evidence call human ancestral species _______; classifications based on molecular evidence call them ________.
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hominids, hominins
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The large anterior teeth of apes and hominids compared to modern humans make their faces ____________ compared to modern humans.
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more prognathic
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that separates ape dentition from hominid dentition?
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a 2:1:3:3 dental pattern
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Hominids probably first appeared between
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between 10 and 6 million years ago
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Most early hominid fossils come from
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Eastern Africa and Southern Africa
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Which of the following is a possible root hominid for the human line?
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Australopithecus anamensis
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The loss of cranial crests in hominids over represents
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a de-emphasis on heavy chewing
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The Afar Triangle is located in
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Ethiopia
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The earliest species in the genus Australopithecus is
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anamensis
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Which of the following is NOT true of the genus Australopithecus?
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it has a cranial capacity comparable to African apes
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Despite expectations to the contrary, Ardipithecus lived in a(n) _________ environment.
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a forested environment
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The hominid fossil "Lucy" belongs to which Australopithecine species?
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afarensis
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Australopithecus afarensis shows ________ sexual dimorphism.
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extreme
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Australopithecine sexual dimorphism suggests that
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australopithecines lived in multi-male, multi-female groups
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In East Africa, _________ has been associated with stone tools.
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Australopithecus garhi
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The Taung child is a member of which Australopithecine species?
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africanus
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Australopithecines lived between
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4 and 1.5 million years ago
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The existence of multiple hominid species in the same environments at the same time can best be explained by
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cohabitation
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The earliest archaic Homo sapiens remains in Europe come from _______ and date to about ________ years ago.
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Gran Dolina Spain, 800,000
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Archaic Homo sapiens have cranial capacities in the range of
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1000-1400 cc
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In Africa archaic Homo sapiens are known to date from around
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600,000 years
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Archaic Homo sapiens were probably present in Asia by
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200,000 years ago
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Middle Stone Age stone tool industries differ from earlier stone tools in that
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they used prepared cores
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Middle Stone Age tool industries?
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composite tools are the most common tool type
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Some evidence for big game hunting during the Middle Pleistocene come from
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Boxgrove, England
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Neandertals lived from about _______ to ________ years ago.
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150,000, 27,000
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Neandertals have NOT been found in
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East Asia
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Based on the number of sites found, and the length of time inhabited by Neandertals, the core of the Neandertal range is
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Western Europe
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The traits that distinguish Neandertals show that they were
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cold weather adapted
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Neandertal cranial capacities
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on average exceed those of modern humans
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The "swept back" appearance of Neandertal cheeks is due to
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mid-facial prognathism
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Stable isotope ratios indicate that Neandertals were more reliant on ______ in their diet than modern humans.
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meat
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Archaeological evidence does NOT exist for which of the following Neandertal behaviors?
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personal adornment
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The "lumper's" perspective places greater emphasis on ______ than the "splitters's" perspective.
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interspecies variation
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Which of the following does NOT distinguish anatomically modern Homo sapiens from archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals?
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greater cranial capacity
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_____________ models of human origins rely more heavily on gene flow than other models.
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multiregional
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__________ models predict that modern humans should appear first in Africa.
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replacement
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The presence of a long pubic ramus would suggest a genetic contribution by Neandertals to modern humans if
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a long pelvic ramus is not found in Homo erectus
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The earliest modern human fossils currently known come from
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Herto, Ethiopia
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The earliest cranial remains of anatomically modern humans suggest _______ and post-cranial remains suggest________.
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human-Neandertal mixing, no human-Neandertal mixing
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The presence of anatomically modern Homo sapiens in Australia by 50,000 years ago suggests
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early modern humans used some form of water transportation
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Compared to MSA stone tools, Upper Paleolithic tool technologies
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were more standardized
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Stone tools assemblages from early African sites such as Mumba, Tanzania and Howieson's Poort, South Africa suggest
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that technologies evolved more slowly and over a longer period of time than originally thought
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Comparisons of tooth wear in Neandertals and early modern humans suggest that
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humans exploited a much more varied diet than Neandertals
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The source population for settlement of the Polynesian Islands seems to be
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a mixed Asian and New Guinean population
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The earliest rock art known is in
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Australia
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___________ is perhaps the most prolific form of symbolic behavior in the Upper Paleolithic.
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personal ornamentation
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Both mtDNA and Y chromosome studies support the hypothesis that
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that the most recent common ancestor can be traced to Africa at about 180,000 years ago
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Comparisons of Neandertal and human DNA have all shown that
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Neandertals probably contributed no genes to modern human populations
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Fossils from __________ provide the best evidence for the multiregional model of human origins.
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Asia and Australia
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At the current time, the bulk of fossil and molecular evidence strongly supports
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neither the multiregional nor the replacement model of human origins
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Identifying the most recent common ancestor of contemporary human populations is difficult because
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different phylogenetic trees can be constructed from the data
MRCA may or may not be an anatomically modern human danting must be done as a seperate process and calibrated |