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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Human Energetics
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Food energy: interaction between humans and environment, seeking out food sources
energy is limited in some environments, seasonality |
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Bioenergetics
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study of the use of transfer of energy (intake, output, changes in body fat stores)
central componenet of ecology how individuals and popularions extract energy from the environment and allocate it to various somatic functions (consequences for health , survival, fertility and life history strategy) |
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Energy Budget
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-Maintenance for survival: homeostasis, BMR/RMR, thermoreg, thermic effect of food, physical activity, immune response
-Production: growth and development, reproduction and consequences for reproductive success (fitness) |
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Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)
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energy requirements of person over the course of an entire day, maintenance costs and productive costs
maintenance + production |
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Mammalian Reproduction
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constraints on female reproductive success in mammals
-energy: finite energy allocated to maintenance, growth and reproduction -time: finite reproductive lifespan reproductive success (fitness) requires survival, mating and rearing offspring partial reproduction worse than non -lost time and energy tho male reproductive success is much less constrained |
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Maximizing Reproductive Success
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Males emphasizing mating: increase access to mates because no cost of gestation to worry about, maximizing amount of offspring
females emphasize rearing offspring, once fertilized females will not increase reproductive success by repeated mating |
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Male Strategies
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Single male groups (ex. Gorillas) become dominant male, recruit new group, infanticide
Multi-male(chimps, humans): monitor estrus cycles, friendships and courtships, peripheral mating |
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Female Cost of Reproduction
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milk production, long term energy costs
limited food access increased risk of predation |
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Female Strategies
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age of first reproduction-> youngish
age at weaning of offspring -> youngish interbirth interval Alloparenting (allomothering): recruiting other parents to help |
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Rose Frisch
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Critical Fat Hypoth fo rtimign of adolescent maturation looked at ahtletes and anorexics
energy status, energy available at a certain time reproductive function far more complicated, maturity in females more closely associated with skeletal maturation -> the complexity of fertility Problem: only focused on menstruation patterns/past-> ITS A SPECTRUM |
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Energy Dynamics and Fertility
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not just about energy storage or energy status, it isnt about just one point in time, more like storage and saved up
-> issue of whether gaining or losing weight at the time (ENERGY BALANCE): psotive vs negative along with speed of weight gain or loss also about energy flux or turnover: too high or too low |
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Fecundity
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ability to reproduce, capability for producing offspring
not pathological but instead a functional modulation based on environment (function based on living conditions reflecting ability to have baby) |
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Non-Western Populations
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nutritional intake and activity typically structured by necessity rather than by choice
lese horticulturalists of ituri foret, congo showing importance of energy status balance and flux in ovarian function low overall energy intake cycles of conception probabilities seasonally-> Harvest season has higher probability aug-dec, vs hunger season jan-july |
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Tamang Agropastoralists of Nepal
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constant food supply but variation in energy expenditure as important variable
heavy workloads during monsoon season - neg energy balance |
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Jasienska et al PNAS 2006
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role of fetal environment in structuring how female physiology responds to changes in energy availability
polish women 24-36 with info on birth size High physical activity led to aovarian suppression in all groups but women born as skinny babies showed ovarian suppression with moderate physical activity |
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Role of Childhood
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(Bentley), migration study of bangladeshi women in london compared to women raised in bengladesh
looked at: progesterone levels: London>Migrant bangladeshis>Bangladeshis (women in london are more fertile), pre-purberty as a time sensitive factor to environmental conditions Trade Off: women who live in bangladesh had greater parasitic worm presence, |
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Lactational Energetics
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more energetically costly on a daily basis among humans and non human primates
breast milk prod places huge energy demands on women's bodies (mult. ways to offset those demands that involve more than just eating more or doing less- social support) |
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Lactation Amenorrhea
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Ovarian function resumes when frequency and duration of nursing decreases -> adaptive to avoid having too many close spaced pregnancies
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Maternal Depletion Syndrome
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in marginally nourished populations repeated and closely spaced reproductive cycles can affect maternal energy reserves (ie fat lean muscle)
can lead to mds and nutritional stress, compromises maternal well being and offspring health similar trend not observed for skeletal calcium stores (doesnt effect the skeletal system between the mom or baby) |
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Role of Biosocial Context
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women are flexible in strategies they use to deal with reproductive costs
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Physiological
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increased energy intake (EI): mobilize fat stores; decreased energy expenditure (EE) [reduce BMR, decrease physical activity level PAL]
also cultural norms and traditions, social support |
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Mate Preferences and Reproductive Potential
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males prefer certain physical traits in femals, especially narrow waists and large breasts along with low whr some groups high levels of body fat
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Male Reproductive Energetics
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little metabolic effort towards offspring
low cost of gamete production (sperm is cheap) often expend considerable energy on mating effort, males can increase fitness by maximizing mate access, behavior and physiology such as production and maintenance of muscle mass |
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Growth Adaptation in GHRH
(pygmys) |
<5ft tall
Grwoth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) fromt he hypothalamus triggers growth hormone (Somatotrophin) synthesis and release by anterior pituitary regulation of cell division in muscle and general growth promoting effect throughout the body acts directly on target tissues and additionally works through insulin line growth factor - IGF1, secreted by liver and target tissues -> Production stunted by undernurtition Growth occurs by saltation (stasis & growth) Pygmys decreased IGF-1 and decrease in receptors |
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Macronutrients
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protein, fat, carbohydrates
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Micronutrients
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vitamins and minerals
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Energy (Calories)
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carbs & protein: 4kcal per gram
Fat: 9kcal per gram (cannot pass inutero, passed well through breast milk tho) |
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Bioavailability
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The fraction of nutrients consumed that are absorbed influenced by the combination of foods eaten
Iron absorbtion INHIBITED by phytates (corn & veggies) Iron promoted by other foods (rich in viatmin C) |
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RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance
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nutrients set so that nearly everyone gets enough, more is not always better (overconsumption of some nutrients), overnutrition is hard to study because of reporting bias, evaluation: food frequency, twenty four hour recall, food diary, and something
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Food Frequency Questionnaire
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survey individuals on the type, quantity and frequency of specific food consumption
Limits: data not the most idea, limited by subject memory, food difficult to quantify by subject |
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Food Weighing
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One of the more ideal food assessment methods as it provides the best data
most invasive method since you must weigh everything that has been eaten and that has not been eaten because it is |
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Larder Survey
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researcher goes into participants house and records all the food available
accompaies participant to the market to shop for food and records all purchase items returns a week later to record what has been consumed and may even look through trash to see what was discarded |
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Malnutrition
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Bad Nutrition, NOT undernutrition or overnutrition
deficiencies in nutrients -> poor growth as a result (ex. zinc, vit a, etc.) PEM: Protein Energy Malnutrition, most common/important nutritional deficiency: Half of the world's children suffer undernutrition, most with PEM, adequate protein intake must include all 8 essential amino acids |
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Synergistic Action
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Undernutrition increases risk for infectious disease
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Zinc
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important in the synthesis of muscle and bone and for various cellular processes
deficiency can lead to growth retardation, sexual immaturity, immunosuppression and cognitive problems, diets largely of wheat bread with high fiver and phytate can lead to malabsorption of zinc |
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Niacin (Vitamin B3)
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involved in energy metabolism and cellular repair, can lead to Pellagra: rash skin lesions diarrhea and mental disturbance
comes from diets largely based on corn |
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Vitamin A
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necessary for the production of rhodopsin, the eye pigment repsonsible for sensing low light situation, leads to night blindness
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Rickets
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Vitamin D deficiency during growth, critical for calcium absorption and metabolism and immune function
skeletal changes (poor bone strength) Vitamin D sources: Fish skins, fortified Milk, synthesis from SUNLIGHT exposure -> Light skin, advantageous (absorbs more sunlight in low sunlight environments) |
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Evenki children
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1991, 1992 vs 1995:
skin fold thickness, height, weight, compared scores to US NCHS growth norms children in 1995 significantly shorter, lighter and leaner, more stunting and wasting in 1995, levels of growth retardation similar to in developing nations, more pronounced in girls, increased certain nutritional deficiencies (rickets, etc.) children reported with more friends had lower health |
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Fetal Programming (DAVID BARKER)
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effects of low energy fetal environment, measured using birth weight or ponderal index as an indicator, not just low birth weight babies: continuous relationship
developmental adaptation permanently change structure, physiology and metabolism (NUTRIENT DEMAND > MATERNOPLACENTAL SUPPLY) later shift in environmental conditions (scarcity -> abundance) predisposed to metabolic, cardiovascular and endocrine disease in adulthood increased all cause mortality, type 2 diabetes linked to female weight.... see slides |
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Gastroenteritis
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inflammation of the digestive tract lining (stomach and intestines) caused by infection agent main symptoms diarreah and fever, major problem dehydration
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Pollutants
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defined as unwanted materials (ex lead, mercury, etc.) or energy (ex noise, or radiation) typically produced or concentrated by human activity
cigarette smoking affects fetal growth and is a major determinants of birth weight in developed countries lead also |
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Psychosocial Stress
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conception rate and increased risk of stress-related miscarriage (espeically in first 3 weeks of gestation)
CHRONIC Stress is an issue today -> Disruption of postnatal growth: Failure to Thrive (psychosocial short stature), parental neglect and deprivation physical or sexual abuse, depression of digestive enzymes causing malnutrition even when adequate nutrient intake |
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-> Orphanage Studies
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Poor growth and delayed physical and mental development
even proper hygiene, food and nutrition the abandoned infants would die, this is because overwhelmed nurses neglected to HOLD them-> negative emotional stress reducing immune function -> Death |
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Harlow Studies
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monkeys chose comfort over food, social contact for proper learning and well-being
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High Altitude Hypoxia
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percent oxygen constant (~21%) but air less compressed -> fewer gas molecules
reduced oxygen availability affects all organ systems Acute Mountain Sickness cultrual and behavioral factors provide minimal buffereing against hypoxia |
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Acute Mountain Sickness
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an illness that can affect mountain climbers, hikers, skiers, or travelers at high altitude (typically above 8,000 feet or 2,400 meters). Symptoms range from mild to life-threatening
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Western Infant Care
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push baby away (Ferberize), warn mothers about what their bodies can do TO their infants rather than FOR their babies to protect and nurture them
1970s solitary sleeping infants placed on their stomachs to promote deeper sleep, WRONG |
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Test Question
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What is Barker's Fetal Programming Hypothesis? What are the particular adult health conditions that have been explained by fetal programming?
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Age of Degenerative Disease
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Rapid decrease in mortality especially childhood from infectious diseases
later massive decline in fertility increased chronic non infectious diseases EFFECTS: Increase in life expectancy (60s-70s), older population, population growth slows to low level |
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Health Change with Economic Development
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Epidemiological transition to reduced infectious disease burden and increased chronic degenerative diseases:
Cardiovascular Disease Obesity Type II Diabetes Hypertension Cancers Also decreased physical fitness and physiological work capacity +Many diseases associated with aging Economic Development=decrease in physical labor |
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Factors In Health Change
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Not just because people are living longer.
Dietary Shift or "THe Nutritional Transition": -increased saturated fats and refined sugars -reduced traditional foods Reduced Physical Activity: -Technology (Cars, Remotes, etc.) -TV viewing Increasing BAD habits: -Smoking, more often & at younger ages -Alcohol consumption -chronic psychosocial stress |
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Obesity
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at one level its a straight forward problem: eat too much, get fat
-> It depends on each person, differences in ability to process food |
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Globesity
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A global epidemic, double burden in developing nations: Undernutrition with over eating (Eating a lot of the wrong thing)
-> Overnutrition in other regions |
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Children and Obesity
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Major overweight and obesity in US children:
- increased prevalence of obesity over the past several decades: BMI>95th percentile -> Globally following the stats of the US |
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Health Consequences of Obesity
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You dont die from being overweight but from the complications from it:
-hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, respiratory problems, female reproductive issues, social stigmatization & discrimination, Endometrial, Breast & Colon cancers -> Central Fat (abdominal area) is really problematic, fat as an endocrine organ is linked with inflammation: suffocate and prevents proper function of organs |
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Fat as an organ
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-Endocrine Gland
-releases chemical: Leptin, fat gain/loss loops!! |
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Single Biggest Factor: Increased Energy Intake
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especially fats and sugars and in liquid calories
frequent snacking larger potion size more meals outside of the home |
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Western Diet
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calorically dense, refined calories, major contributions from refined carbs, fats especially saturated, low in protein, high salt content, many additives, low fiber content
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Fast Food
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Addictive, glycemic index in the body
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Humans Evolved to Eat
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Look at forager/hunter-gatherer populations: variation accross populations based on ecology
Paleolithic Diet- virtually no obesity |
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Bergmann’s Rule
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Body size within a species larger
at lower temperature -Higher body mass: Relatively lower surface area and greater heat retention -In warm climates, smaller body size leads to relatively higher surface area and greater heat dissipation |
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Allen’s Rule
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Appendages (arms & legs; also ears) within a species shorter at lower temperature
-Shorter appendages: Relatively lower surface area and greater heat retention - In warm climates, longer appendages with relatively higher surface area leads to greater heat dissipation |
