Anth 151 Final

Front 1

Syntax

Back 1

the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language

Front 2

hypoglossal nerve

Back 2

- a bony canal that helps translate speech; thought to have appeared in Neanderthals around 2 mya
- the larger the nerve, the greater the capacity for speech

Front 3

larynx

Back 3

the voice box in mammals

Front 4

pidgin

Back 4

grammatically simplified form of language used to communicate between people who speak different languages

Front 5

creole

Back 5

a mother tongue formed from the contact of two languages through an earlier pidgin stage

Front 6

innate grammar

Back 6

a theory of linguistics that says the principles of grammar are shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans; proposed by Noam Chomsky

Front 7

multiregional model

Back 7

theory that mankind emerged from different regions simultaneously

Front 8

complete replacement model

Back 8

says that mankind spread in waves, with each successive wave replacing the previous one; 'rolling out the new model'

Front 9

mitochondrial DNA

Back 9

genetic material derived from the circular genomes of bacteria

Hint 9

- genomes?

Front 10

assimilation

Back 10

integration of early modern humans with modern humans

Front 11

interbreeding

Back 11

breeding between two species; impacts genetic selection

Front 12

microlith

Back 12

a small shaped flint, typically part of a composite tool such as a spear

Front 13

hafting

Back 13

a process by which an artifact, often bone, metal, or stone, is attached to a handle or strap; can be used to fire for greater impact

Front 14

movius line

Back 14

- theoretical line drawn across northern India
- first proposed by the American archaeologist Hallam L. Movius in 1948
- used to show technological difference between the early prehistoric tool technologies of the east and west of the Old World.

Front 15

y chromosome

Back 15

male sex chromosome

Front 16

endogamy

Back 16

the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe.

Front 17

keystone species

Back 17

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.

Front 18

anthropogenic

Back 18

(chiefly of environmental pollution and pollutants) originating in human activity

Hint 18

- bad humans!

Front 19

zoonotic disease

Back 19

a disease that can be transmitted to humans from animals.

Front 20

cline

Back 20

a gradation in one or more characteristics within a species or other taxon, especially between different populations.

Hint 20

- characteristically making the grade?

Front 21

phenotype

Back 21

the set of observable characteristics of an individual

Front 22

genotype

Back 22

genetic makeup of an organism

Front 23

endemic disease

Back 23

(of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular people or in a certain area

Front 24

gene flow

Back 24

the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another.

Front 25

melanin

Back 25

a dark brown to black pigment occurring in the hair, skin, and iris of the eye in people and animals. It is responsible for tanning of skin exposed to sunlight.

Front 26

rickets

Back 26

a disease of children caused by vitamin D deficiency, characterized by imperfect calcification, softening, and distortion of the bones typically resulting in bow legs.

Front 27

sickle cell anemia

Back 27

a severe hereditary form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels; commonest among those of African descent.

Front 28

Flynn effect

Back 28

the rise of the average intelligence quotient test scores over generations (IQ gains over time)

Hint 28

- +1 smarts

Front 29

subspecies

Back 29

a taxonomic category that ranks below species, usually a fairly permanent geographically isolated race.

Hint 29

- all by myself...

Front 30

biocultural evolution

Back 30

an evolutionary process that is the result of culture's interaction with biology throughout human evolutionary history; i.e., lactose tolerance

Hint 30

- cows

Front 31

Lake Mungo

Back 31

- Dry lake in Australia
- Oldest human remains found in Australia found here (Mungo Man) & Mungo Lady, a partially cremated body
- Mungo Man is est. to be 60-40 kyo
- Evidence of human inhabitation 50 kyo

Hint 31

- don't half-ass it...
- practically middle-aged...
- evidence of?

Front 32

Herto

Back 32

- Area in Ethiopia that is a rich deposit for Australopithecines and homo fossils, artifacts and large mammal bones
- Remains show signs of funeral practices, and other signs of settlement

Front 33

Neolithic

Back 33

- Later part of the Stone Age where ground or polished stone weapons/tools were used
- Animals are domesticated and agricultural is introduced
- Began in Near East by the 8th millennium BC and spread to nor'western Europe by 4th millen. BC

Hint 33

- polish it off
- keep those animals close

Front 34

Homo floresiensis

Back 34

- 'Hobbit' species found on the Indonesian island of Flores
- notable for its smaller body and brain
- dated to be about 18 kyo
- it's validity as a member of our species is debated

Hint 34

- how log ago?

Front 35

Pristine myth

Back 35

- idea that without humans, nature would be perfect
- false, because nature is always changing

Front 36

Bergman's rule

Back 36

- Ecogeographic rule that says that body mass in a species increases with latitude and a colder climate
- Debated whether it should be interpreted WITHIN species variation or AMONG species variation

Hint 36

- have you put on weight?
- debatable...

Front 37

Lactose tolerance

Back 37

- Many adults do not produce the enzyme necessary to digest milk (after the age of 4).
- Tolerance emerged after farming.
- Three different mutations have produced ability to digest this.
- Biological traits sometimes considered ‘racial’ are often only loosely connected to skin colour or appearance.
- E.g., intolerance often considered an ‘African’ trait.

Front 38

Convergent evolution

Back 38

- Acquisition of same biological traits in unrelated species

Front 39

Allen's rule

Back 39

- biological rule that states that creatures from colder climates usually will have shorter limbs that similar animals from warmer spots

Front 40

Columbian Exchange

Back 40

- the dramatically widespread exchange of animals, foods, humans, and diseases between the Europeans and the natives
- resulted in the cataclysmic collapse of the Native population
- agriculture became widespread

Front 41

Broad-spectrum revolution

Back 41

- the way people adapted to the end of the ice age in the post-glacial environment
- movement to coastlines
- increase in food production
- large mammals became scarce, forcing humans to look for different food sources

Hint 41

- people change
- people move
- we've, uh, run out of food...

Front 42

Independent assortment/Mendelian inheritance

Back 42

the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parents to their children

Front 43

Regional continuity model

Back 43

- Proposed by Dr. Wolpoff in 1988
- Argues humanity arose on different continents simultaneously 2.5 mya

Front 44

Co-evolution

Back 44

- Change in one biological object provoked by change in another, related one
- e.g., evolution of parasite & host or predator & prey in relation to each other.
- In humans, long-term change in biology (especially genes) and culture (technology, for example) in relation to each other
- e.g., agriculture and domesticated animals as a new niche affecting genetic disease resistance

Hint 44

- one thing leads to another?

Front 45

Effects of agricultural

Back 45

- Population explosion.
- Sedentarism, decreased birth spacing & consistent food supply.
- Surplus production of food (need for storage).
- One family could produce enough to feed five families.
- Economic diversification and specialization – increased skills.
- Private property and exclusive access to resources.
- Rise of states, government, monumental architecture, complex society.

Hint 45

- blow it up!
- while you're just sitting around, could you grab me something?
- sure, we'll do all the work
- gotta diversify that portfolio...
- my preciousssss...
- first thing we do - kill all the lawyers

Front 46

Lamarckian evolution

Back 46

acquired changes are retained

Front 47

Cultural 'big bang'

Back 47

- the theoretical explosion of human culture about 50,000 years ago
- assisted by the rise of language

Hint 47

- how long ago?
- helped by?

Front 48

Migration of modern humans

Back 48

- 200-150 kya: Africa
- 90 kya: coastal migration
- 50-30 kya: land migration (Europe, Eurasia, Australia)
- 20 kya: peopling of the Americas

Hint 48

- 3 digits
- going swimming?
- let's check the rest of this out
- _/_ test baseball?

Front 49

Cro-magnon site

Back 49

- found in Europe where cave paintings were numerous
- indicates a possible cultural 'big bang'

Front 50

admixture

Back 50

small mixture of genes

Front 51

burins

Back 51

- type of stone tools used to work another material
- indicated greater craftsmanship sophistication

Hint 51

- indicates?

Front 52

Call system

Back 52

animal system with a fixed number of communication terms

Front 53

acculturation

Back 53

language produces a new culture

Hint 53

- what produces a new culture?

Front 54

referential language

Back 54

language points to something concrete

Front 55

nonreferential language

Back 55

abstract language that does not have to indicate something concrete (like future tense)
indicates grammar has stabilized

Hint 55

- grammar?

Front 56

extended mind

Back 56

we can use the material world to boost mental/physical capacities
prosthetic device of the brain

Front 57

internalization

Back 57

the flipside of the extended mind concept

Front 58

supertaxa

Back 58

organisms able to produce versions of themselves more adapted to live with humans

Front 59

commensalism

Back 59

association between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither benefited or harmed

Front 60

terraforming

Back 60

a method of irrigation that reshapes the Earth to make it better for humans to occupy

Front 61

Natufians

Back 61

a late Mesolithic culture of the Middle East that provided evidence of the first villages 12,500-10,000 years ago

Hint 61

- we're late! let's just hang out for awhile
- How long do you suppose?

Front 62

Black earth

Back 62

a type of manmade soil rich in charcoal and carbon deposits that made it ideal for agricultural development

Front 63

Würm in Eurasia

Back 63

indicates the last glacial period of about 9,600 years ago

Hint 63

- how long ago?

Front 64

Mode 1 tools

Back 64

- Oldowan and Clactonian
- created using rough flaking

Hint 64

- Their Old, Clacky, and flky

Front 65

Mode 2 tools

Back 65

- Achulean or Biface
- used flake tools, but supplemented with bones or wood implements to create hand axes

Hint 65

- let's chop some shit...
- yeah! let's hit both of their faces!
- i can't, i'm too sore from the supplements

Front 66

Mode 3 tools

Back 66

emerged towards the end of Acheulean dominance and involved the striking of flakes from a prepared core.

Hint 66

- I'm prepared to my core, but I'm still feeling achy...

Front 67

Mode 4 tools

Back 67

- long blades (rather than flakes) notable of the Upper Palaeolithic
- the Aurignacian culture is a good example

Hint 67

- it's high! it's long! it's outta here!

Front 68

Mode 5 tools

Back 68

- involve the production of Microliths.
- include the Magdalenian culture.

Hint 68

- Mary is tiny...

Front 69

Thomson's nose rule

Back 69

- Those in colder climates have longer noses than those in warmed climates

Front 70

Evolution of civilization

Back 70

- Development of agriculture creates a need for accountancy
- Accountancy leads to creation of debt exchange (money)
- Laws and governance created
- Trading partners found and used
- Resource-envy drives states to war
- War leads to Hollywood
- Hollywood gives us Michael Bay
- World ends in 2012

Front 71

Population fluctuations

Back 71

- refers to the estimated number of inhabitants before and after the Columbian landing
- Some estimates as low as 40 mil, others as high as 100 mil. people

Front 72

Ethnicity

Back 72

in this sense, refers to a sense of group identity within a state

Front 73

Genetic adaption

Back 73

- A change in structure, function, or behavior by which a species or individual improves its chance of survival in a specific environment.
- Develop as a result of natural selection