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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
-traditional explanation
-adaptation to tree living -prehensile hand adapting to climbing |
Aboreal Hypothesis
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-most primates are quadrupedal
-use of all four limbs -majority are aboreal |
Locomotion
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simplified classification primate order includes two major divisions(suborders), what are they?
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prosimians
anthropoids |
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what is a prosimian?
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lemurs, lorises and traditionally tarsier-probable anthropoid
most primitive primate |
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Lemurs are from?
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Madagascar, off the coast of Africa
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what is a suborder of anthropoids?
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monkeys, apes, and humans
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these animals have prosimian traits, certain anthropoid features, including biochemical similarities
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tarsiers
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what do anthropoids consist of?
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-new world monkeys
-old world primates including old world monkeys, hominoids, lesser apes, great apes and hominids |
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these animals are divided into two large groups, new and old world
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monkeys
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these animals are arboreal (trees) quadrupedal and some use prehensile tails
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new world monkeys
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these animals are the most widely distrubuted primate residing in Africa, Asia, and Japan
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Old world monkeys
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these animals live in tropical forests, semiarid deserts, snow-covered areas, and some live on the ground
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Old World monkeys
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characteristics are different from monkeys and have larger body size, absence of a tail, shortened trunks, and more complex behavior
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Hominoids
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they are the smallest "lesser" apes and are brachiation (arm swinging)
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Gibbons and Siamangs
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Great apes include
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Orangutan, Gorillas, and Chimps
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they live in heavily forested areas of Indonesian islands
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Orangutans
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they are the largest primates living in the forests of central africa, exhibit sexual dimorphism, primarily terrestrial, knuckle walking, and vegetarian
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Gorillas
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they are equatorial Africa, knucke walking, omnivores and "termite fish"
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Chimpanzees
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Similar to chimps, but are a subspecies called "pygmy chimpanzee"
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Bonobos
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habitually bipedal hominid
only living species of the family Hominidae |
humans
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is learned; not passed through generations, not boilogical, not applied to just humans and the term "cultural primaology" is used
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Primate Cultural Behavior
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when learned behaviour is passed to offspring and a "____ _____" may emerge for a group or species
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Cultural Tradition
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chimp tool use
1)termite fishing 2)leaf sponges 3)hammerstones and platforms are used to crack nuts |
Chimpanzee "Cultural" Behavior
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only chimps habiually makes and uses tools, there are regional variations of tools used, and regional dietary preferneces for chimps
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Regional Variation
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have involuntarily learned different alarm calls for paricular predators like snakes, eagles, and leopards
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vervet monkey language skills
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physchologists report that they can learn to interpret visual signs and use then in communication
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Ape language
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Why can't apes learn to speak?
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because of the anatomy of their vocal track and the language related structures in the brain
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attempts to teach chimps to speak failed and experimented with other methods
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Experiments in Primate Communication
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infant chimp taught ASL
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Washoe
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Chimp taught to recognize plastic chips as symbols
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Sara
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a gorilla that learned 500 different ASL signs
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Koko
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chimp that couls use a computer keyboard
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Lana
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study of behavior in free ranging primates from ecological and evolutionary perspective
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Evolution of Behavior
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Evolution of behavior includes the relationships between ___, ___, and _____
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behaviors, the natural environment, and biological traits of species studied
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the relatinship between organisms and all aspects of environment like food resources and predators
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Ecological study of behavior
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subject to natural selection, influenced by genes, and focuses on the ralationship b/t behaviours in the natural environment, and biological traits of the species
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Behavioral ecology
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These are the results of natural selection in specific habitats and is one of he major topics in primate research
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Primate Social Structure
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Factors that influence social structure
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body size, distrubution of resources, and predation
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____ require fewer claories by weight are better able to retain heat and energy requirements are less
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larger animals
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primates are vulnerable to many types of predators and where this is high, communities are advantageous
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Predation
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distribution of resources includes?
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abundant leaves support large groups, fruits and nuts support smaller groups (tend to be protective of resources)
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many primate societies are organized into ______ hierarchies
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Dominance
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____ solve major adaptive problems in a "social context", reinforce group integrity, and includes dominance, communication, aggression, affiliation and altruism
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Primate Social Behavior
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raised body hair is an example of ______ response
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autonomic
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_____ communicate emotional states that can be elaborate, complicated, and repatitive. a gorilla slapping his chest is an example
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Displays
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_____ is used often to protect individual or group resources
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agression
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primate groups are associated with a ___ ___ where they remain permenantly
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Home Range
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it's popular within the home range, contains the most resources, and it's the portion defended against intrusion
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core area
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many behaviors minimize violence and reinforce bonds b/t individuals and enhance group stabability
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affiliation and altruism
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social practice common among primates and reinforces social relationships
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grooming
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behaviors that benefit another while posing a risk to oneself
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altruism
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what are the four levels of primate evolution?
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prosimians, anthropoids, hominoids, and hominids
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how far back do the roots of primate order go back?
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to the beginning of placental mammal radiation
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placental mammal radiation began ____ years ago during the ____ epoch which resulted in the ___ ___ ___.
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65 million; paleocene; earliest primates diverging
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during the Ecocene period the earliest ____ ____ appear of modern aspect. the fossils were found in ___ ___ and ___ and were mostly extinct by the end of ___.
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definite primates; North America and Europe; Ecocene
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some ecocene primates are ancestors of ___ such as ___, and ___ and some are ancestors of ___
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prosimians; lemurs, and lorises; tarsiers
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in the ____ epoch most of the fossils found were "old world ___"
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Oligocene; anthropoids
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Oligocene fossils were primarily found in ___, Egypt, including the genera ___ and ______
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Fayum; Apidium, and Aegyptopithecus
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adipiums are ___ in size near or before the evolutionary divergence of ___ and ___
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small; Old and New
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Aegyptopithecus are ancestral to Old world ___ and ___
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monkeys and hyominiods
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during the ___ epoch there was spectacular ___ radiation. fossils were found in ___, ___, and ___
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Miocene; hominiod; africa, asia and europe
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___ is the best known genus of the early ___ ___ in Africa.
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Proconsul; early Miocene
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___ is thge best known form of the European Genus
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Dryopithecus
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___ forms are the largest varied group of ___ fossil hominiods and ___ is the best known genus
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Asian; Miocene; Sivapithecus
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the miocene hominiods are most derived to be ___ of living forms except ___ may be linked to the orangutan
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ancestors; sivapithecus
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new discoveries show earliest hominiods date back to the end of ___ in the period of __-____
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Miocene; Plio-Pleistocene
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characteristics of a hominid include ___ locomotion, and large ___, and ___ making
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bipedal; brain; tool
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then physiological and behaviorial systems evolve at different rates
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"mosiac evolutionary patterns"
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___ is the most distinctive human behavior feature made possible by ___
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culture; biology
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paleoanthropologists reconstruct the ___, ___, and ___ of our early ancestors
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anatomy, behavior, and ecology
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the two types of dating methods are ___ and ___
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relative and chronometric
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this type of dating determins only whether an object is older or younger than other objects
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relative
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this type of dating provides an estimate of age in years based on radioactivity decay
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chronometric
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dating technique based on the law of superposition that a lower stratum (layer) is older than a higher stratum
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stratigraphy
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dating technique that applies to buried bones and groundwater seepage. the longer the bones are underground the more ___
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flourine analysis
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uses fossils of better known animals to help date associated hominid remains such as pigs, rodents and baboons
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biostratigraphy
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shifting of the geomagnetic pole, magnetic particles act as ancient compass and point to location of pole when the rock was formed
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paleomagnetism
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provides an estimate of age in actual number of years, most are "radiometric" and based on rate of radioactivity
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chronometric/absolute dating
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heating "resets" clock, volcanic rock in east africa, dates rock - not bone, and is used for old events to age of earth
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potassium/argon (K decays into Ar)
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radiometric method used by archeologists to date organic material (bone, wood) and is relevant for later stages of hominid evolution
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carbon-14
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counts tracks left in crystalline rocks as uranium atoms disintegrate
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fission-track
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fossils are divided into what three categories?
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1. basal/pre-australopithecus 2. australpithicines; early primative, and later derived 3. early homo
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in what mountainous area, the volcanic material was good for dating and fossils were exposed from erosion?
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the east african rift valley?
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in what area were fossils inbeded in rock material and difficult to date?
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South Africa
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these earliest remains of hominids in chad, africa are about 7 million years old
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basal/pre-australopithecus
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oldest basal hominid of the late Miocene in east africa
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
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a basal hominid. Genus assigned to early aramis fossils
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ardipithecus ramidus
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there were maybe 8 species of this well known diverse genus in south, central and east africa
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australopithecus
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this female australopithecus was found in hadar. The oldest (2.5 mya) stone tools were also found
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"lucy" australopithecus afarensis
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fossilized hominid of this bipedal species were found in an ancient volcanic bed
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Laetoli
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In east africa, tanzania a deep 25 mile ravine was the site Lous and Mary Leakey conducted excavationd from 1930's -80's
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Olduvai Gorge
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the earlist hominid site discovered in Gorge is ___ years old and contained ____ and ___ ___
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1.85 million; Australopithecines, and early homo
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the homo habilis were early ____ and are the probable ancestor to ___ ___ an dlived at the same time as _____
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toolmakers; homo sapiens; australopithecus
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the first australopithecine between ___ and ___ was discovered in Taung, Africa. The ___ ___ was under the skull, they walked ___ and had a ___ brain
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apes and humans; foramen magnum; upright; small
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_____ were found at Sterkfontein, Drimolen, and Swartkrans on South Africa, and ___ is difficult
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Australopithicines; dating
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South African Hominid remains were mostly found in ___ caves and the fossils were divided into ___ and ___
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limestone; "robust" and "gracile"
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have small brains, broad heavy face, large premolars and teeth, sagital crest on head, and ate heavier vegetables
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"robust" australopithicines
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smaller teeth, lighter face, australopithicus africanus
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"gracile" australopithicines
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the Plio-Pleistocene Hominids from south and east africa are divided into what four groupings?
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1. basal hominids
2. early primitive australopithicines 3. later more derived australopithicines 4. early homo |
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three genera, Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Bipedal with primitive feet
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Pre-australopithicicus/basal hominids
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one genus, several species, bipedal, two sets are recognized, one eing anamensis
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early primitive/later more derived australopithicines
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possess a large brain and smaller teeth
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early homo
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