Ant 3200 Exam 2

Front 1

Discuss what archaeologist generally mean by "bands," "tribes," "chiefdoms," and "states," and the problems associated with using this model.

Back 1

See notecards for definitions. 2 main problems

1) not many societies neatly fit into any category, and looking at societies now to classify every group on earth is actually obscuring info

2) creates a hierarchy of societies, with us at the top. Justifies us doing things to earlier societies (colonialist/ ethnocentric)

Front 2

Compare and contrast the Hassunan and Samarran cultures of Neolithic Mesopotamia in terms of ecology, economics and architecture.

Back 2

Two areas of Mesopotamia. Hassunan (Northern Part- Assyria) had little diversity (reeds, clay, bitamin (oil). Didn't need much cooperation (pise architecture, rainfall agriculture, communal storage, bad pottery. Samarran (Southern Part-Babylonia) was where the 1st cities were. Irrigation, bread basket of world, canal digging, individual storage, protected walls, brick houses

Front 3

Describe three steps in which writing systems developed in Mesopotamia.

Back 3

1) Seals and tokens with clay envelopes. cylinder seals worn around neck, rolled across clay for signature. Count out tokens to represent how many should be there, put in envelopes sealed and fired

2) Draw pictures on envelopes with contents --> hieroglyphics

3) Rebus principle --> Writing and phoenetics

Front 4

Band

Back 4

Egalitarian. Any authority based on age/gender

Front 5

Tribe

Back 5

Conditional offices/authority. Not inheritable, you have elected chiefs with limited abilities, has to persuade the people.

Front 6

Chiefdom

Back 6

Inheritable (chiefly family) but limited authority, must persuade

Front 7

State

Back 7

Decision makers that can enforce authoirty. Once you have specialized decision makers and solders/cops, you are in a state.

Front 8

Mesopotamia

Back 8

Heartland of cities, where the oldest ones began (Eridu). "land between 2 rivers (Tigres & Euphrates). Floodland, with rivers going through it, split into Assyria and Babylonia (Hassunan and Samarran)

Front 9

Assyria

Back 9

Norther part of Mesopotamia, where the Hassunan lived

Front 10

Babylonia

Back 10

Southern part of Mesopotamia, where the Samarran lived

Front 11

Dry Farming

Back 11

Rainfall farming, like the kind used in Assyria. Plant a field and leave, let the rain fall down

Front 12

Irrigation

Back 12

Done where it doesn't rain. Flooding river will eventually create levees due to all of the dirt deposited on sides of river, making it higher than surrounding land. Levee banks are cut, so river flows through a canal to your field to water crops.

Front 13

Pise/Adobe

Back 13

Used in Assyria. Wet mud architecture, build a little at a time, wait for it to dry.

Front 14

Hassunan

Back 14

In Assyria- Northern Part.

- communal storage (if rain doesn't come to you, maybe someone else's will)

- Rainfall Architecture

- Pise houses

- Terrible pottery- made invidually

- everything very simple, individualistic, small amount of cooperation needed

Front 15

Samarran

Back 15

In Babylonia- Southern Part.

- Irrigation on river, required cooperation for canals (salinization)

- bread basket of ancient world

- Families more separate, separate storage (doesn't buffer risk)

- market place/ temples

-brick architecture could build faster (for wall, irrigation, economy of scale seen here

Front 16

Marsh Arabs

Back 16

Houses out of reeds and wooden canoes with mysterious origins, so we won't find any remains in the future of this civilization.

Front 17

Salinization

Back 17

environmental degredation that occurs with irrigation. Water evaporates from the soil when you irrigate, leaves behind salt (ca(co3)) destroy the soil

Front 18

Levee

Back 18

What the river is raised up on in flood regions due to soil deposits on sides of river. Ridge of sediment on sides of the river to prevent overflowing

Front 19

Ziggurat

Back 19

Step pyramid with a temple on top. Made in Ur. Built in sequence, small in middle, then built on top of, can't go inside

Front 20

Ur

Back 20

Sumerian city, walled cities, had social welfare program kind of, vengeful "gods", 1st evidence of queens and kings--> expeditions to get raw materials. Death pit of ur. First standing army

Front 21

Cuneiform

Back 21

"wedge shaped" writing. Tired of drawing pictures out for everything. Wedges due to reeds stuck into clay, later translated to words. Went from token to cuneiform

Front 22

Rebus Principle

Back 22

Ways to demonstrate abstract thoughts with physical objects (bee + leaf)

Front 23

Heiroglyphics

Back 23

picture symbols of what was inside the envelope was put on the outside to tell you

Front 24

Describe three environmental and economic factors that contributed to ancient Egypt's political stability

Back 24

1) Transport (Nile runs south to north -upper to lower egypt) Winds go N --> S

2) Political Organization Everyone had to live on river, outside of that is desert, easy to maintain political power, people can't just leave

3) Fertilization- annual flooding takes rich silt and puts on farming land- free fertilizer

Front 25

Describe the architectural sequence that led to the great pyramids on Cheops.

Back 25

1) Mastaba

2) Step pyramids

3) Snefru (Medun)

4) Bent pyramid of Dafur

5) Red Pyramid

6) Great Pyramid of Giza

Front 26

What motivated the mortuary practices of ancient Egyptians? Contrast the funerary practices of the Old and New Kingdoms.

Back 26

- Old Kingdom (step pyramids, mastabas, pyramids)

- New Kingdom (valley of kings after pyramids weren't working, put in Deir el-Medina, Bahri) one way in, one way out, scribes, carpenters, stone masons lived in settlements there, kept tomb locations secret, had soldiers there

Front 27

Predynastic

Back 27

Had little kinglets (chiefs) that fight a lot. Menes- darmur (unifier) comes in and unifier. King from Upper Egypt, assembles army conquers Egypt, 1st unified Egyptian state, starts building projects when Nile floods to unify workers. goes on to found the Old Kingdom

Front 28

Narmer Pallate

Back 28

showed us he was a real person

Front 29

Heirakonpolis

Back 29

Location of Narmer Pallete, where Narmer was from?

Front 30

Old Kingdom

Back 30

Founded by Menes (Narmur) had hierarchy of power with pharoah at top, the nomarchs, scribes, craftsmen and peasants. You had settlements along banks ad temple towns, no real cities here

Front 31

Pious Foundations

Back 31

In the old kingdom, priests would feed statues,, say incantations to please "gods." became very powerful, people would give them land when they died

Front 32

Nomarchs

Back 32

Feudal lords (nobles), kept peace, settle civil disputes, collected taxes :-/

Front 33

Heiroglyphics

Back 33

picture writing linked to sounds, many different symbols, used by professional scribes because there were so many

Front 34

Cartouche

Back 34

"cartridge" someone's name on clay thing. Oval block with a knob at the bottom

Front 35

Mastabas

Back 35

Traditional royal tombs, one story buildings with false door so spirit could go through it to get out

Front 36

Zoser

Back 36

one of the best pharoahs. Had Imhotep work on Mastaba, stone architecture, finished it, kept going, lead to step pyramid. ancestor of step pyramid

Front 37

Meidum

Back 37

Snefru, wanted to be better than Zsoser, wants step pyramid but covered with a pyramid to emulate light ways. Doesn't work, plastic flow, top is too heavy, pushes out sides, disaster

Front 38

Snefru

Back 38

Grew up under Zsoser, wanted better monument, built pyramid at meidum and the bent pyramid of Dashur

Front 39

Dashur

Back 39

Snefru realized it was too steep halfway through after Meidum collapses, changes angle

Front 40

Red Pyramid

Back 40

1st true pyramid, at a shallower angle (possibly built by Snefru)

Front 41

Cheops (Khufu)

Back 41

Built the great pyramid of Giza, biggest, one of the last built, beautifully made, invented stone masonry

Front 42

Giza

Back 42

Biggest one, one of last to be built pyramid

Front 43

Tutankhamun

Back 43

Worst pharoah, poor guy. Came to rule at 16, dies soon after, studio apartment of pharaoh tombs. But his tomb in the valley of the kings (Deir el-Medina) was preserved, because dirt was thrown over entrance when building another pharaohs tomb

Front 44

First Intermediate

Back 44

Drought and famine hit Egypt, monarch keep taxes, pious foundations keep $, civil war breaks out and decentralization happens, kinglets break apart. Followed by the middle kingdom, when Hittites invade from Anatolia, take over Egypt with iron, then second intermediate when they drive them out

Front 45

Hittites

Back 45

Invaded Egypt at the end of the middle kingdom, had iron

Front 46

New Kingdom

Back 46

After they drive Hittites out, Egypt is centralized again. Began making tombs in secret location, underground is Valley of kings.

Front 47

Mummification

Back 47

Body needs to be preserved for afterworld. so, they would cut body open, take out organs and brain with a hook through the nose, leave them in salt for a few weeks, then put in canopic jars. Body would be stuffed with sweet herbs in place of organs

Front 48

Howard Carter

Back 48

Backed to find unlooted Egyptian tomb, looked at valley of kings, found King tuts cup with cartouche, finds his tomb under mound of rubble. Garbage from another tomb piled on top of his

Front 49

Deir El-Medina

Back 49

Valley of the Kings, where tombs were when they started building them underground to prevent looting

Front 50

Describe the cultural ecology of the ancient Aegean

Back 50

1) Small group of Islands (seafarers, traders)

2) mountains, not good for growing, so they built walls into mountain to grow things (terracing)

3) Arborculture, growing trees, for future generations (olives & grapes)

Front 51

Compare and contrast the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations in terms of art, technology and architecture.

Back 51

Art: Minoan- elegant, leisurly

My- war, swords,

Tech: Mi- no fortification, 1 pillar in center, large courtyard (bulljumping) slots of storage and fridges

My: 2 pillars, highly fortified, relieving triangle, small courtyard

Front 52

Know what the Iliad is, why it is important and what relationship it has to the archaeology of the Aegean.

Back 52

Ilead, greek myth, Schliemann south out Troy, and the citadel at Mycenae was said to be the seat of King Agamemnon and was best fortified

Front 53

Terracing

Back 53

In Minoan civilization, growing on mountains, built walls into mountains, but takes lots of labor, and if walls fall because you can't maintain them, topsoil washes off into the ocean

Front 54

Minoans

Back 54

Aegean bronze age- bulls. Were a trading people, very welcoming of outsiders, took lots of ideas- indoor plumbing, stone architecture, running water/toilets, timber to flex w earthquakes great art, bull jumping, linear A. Downfall was eruption of Thera, later they were conquered by myceneans

Front 55

Knossus

Back 55

Minos' palace. Ancient Minoan palace on N. Crete. No fortifications on palaces, because on an island, with impressive navy. Lots of storage, swamp cooler refrigerator, running water and toilets, stone masonry, column in middle of entryway, bull horn in architecture

Front 56

Snake Goddess

Back 56

Minoan art piece, let Arthur Evans to conclude that Minoan civilization collapsed because of moral degredation

Front 57

Linear A

Back 57

Language of Minoans, unreadable today. many images found on phaistos disk

Front 58

Phaistos Disk

Back 58

disk with Minoans' linear A language on it. Unreadable, but made of many seals pressed into the clay

Front 59

Bull Jumping

Back 59

Minoan pastime, most popular sport, done in giant courtyard in palaces- like Knossus

Front 60

Pithos

Back 60

giant storage vessels in Minoan society. (Knossus had 60,000 gallon capacity)

Front 61

Thera

Back 61

(Santorini) Island whose volcano exploded. Created 100+ foot high tsunami, volcanic ash blocked out the sun for a whole year. Destroyed Minoan Navy, Grape and Olive trees died. Brought about 100 years of badness before they got conquered

Front 62

The Ilead

Back 62

Ancient Greek Myth, written by Homer. Paris had to choose prettiest, promised most beautiful woman, Paris. Took her back to Troy. Hector, the only good guy in story, is killed at the end by jerk Greeks.

Front 63

Myceneans

Back 63

Lion instead of bulls. Discovered by Heinrich Schliemann, set out to find ancient Troy. Had 2 column architecture, violent art, great at making swords

Front 64

Priam's Treasure

Back 64

near Dardanelles, discovered by Heinrich Schliemann, he thought it was ancient site of Troy, stole the treasure, dressed his wife up

Front 65

Mycenae

Back 65

Citadel at Mycenae --> seat of Agamemnon, highly fortified! small courtyard, kings courtyard

Front 66

Corbel Vault

Back 66

Beehive tombs where elite were buried, inside had corbel vaults

Front 67

Cyclopean Masonry

Back 67

Where the king would hang out in the Mycenean palaces. Hangs out with advisers and soldiers, where visitors would come to see him

Front 68

Lion Gate

Back 68

appeared in Tholos, capped by these. Couldn't build arches, so would just put bricks on top of each other, each sticking out a little bit more than the one before

Front 69

Linear B

Back 69

Lion gate at Mycenae, couldn't build arch, so put relieving triangle on top of lentil. Didn't think mycenaeans could build it, thought it had to be cyclops

Front 70

Tholos

Back 70

beehive tomb that noble people were buried in

Front 71

Megaron

Back 71

mycenean courtyard in palaces, where king would hang out and see people

Front 72

Describe three ways Bronze Age Europeans used metal to mediate relations with outside groups.

Back 72

Sex: marriage payments, outside your group. Dowry

Power: feasting gifts --> political power. Bride pride

Death: Warfare & Weapons, most violent archaeological site with metal

Front 73

Give three kinds of evidence for early metal production. Explain why this evidence has been so difficult to identify.

Back 73

Slag - Rocks that float to the top after heating ore

Prills - little pieces of metal that fall down but don't get packaged into bigger slices

Molds - for making axes, can be found

Furnaces. Hard to find. Smith graves unmarked- usually smiths only work part time. Metal working tools = portable. Slags not recognized, metals often recycled. Germans didn't screen for prills

Front 74

Know how copper is smelted, and how it can be "work hardened" in order to make effective tools.

Back 74

Ore is smelted to make a slag and pure metal that falls down. Reduce with oxygen starved fire that pulls oxygen out of metal. Put in Iron with fire to make copper fall off easier. Copper is soft, gets harder as you pound/compound it, then resoften with heat- annealing it

Front 75

Bronze

Back 75

Copper & Tin alloy.

Front 76

Ore

Back 76

Rock with sufficient minerals with elements (metal) content that can be isolated from the rock usually by smelting

Front 77

Slag

Back 77

The rock that floats to the top when you smelt ores.

Front 78

Bowl Hearth

Back 78

Bowl furnaces used to smelt metal

Front 79

Prill

Back 79

Small globs of metal that melt off the ore and fall to ground

Front 80

Cold Work

Back 80

Pounding metal to compress it after removing it from fire

Front 81

Smelting

Back 81

Heating ore to very high temperature in order to separate the metal and rock

Front 82

Maros Group

Back 82

Group in E. Carpathian Basin. Known for spectacular cemeteries, buried depending on social class, looks like a tribal society

Front 83

Pecica

Back 83

Where evidence of smelting is

Front 84

Early/Middle Bronze Age

Back 84

I dont super know

Front 85

Founder's Hoard

Back 85

Middle/late bronze age. Traders would bury tools in pieces where they could find them, so people wouldn't kill you for your trade goods

Front 86

Votive Hoard

Back 86

At feasts, chiefs would take metal goods and throw in wells/lake because

1) politics- demonstrates wealth

2) religion- gifts for the "gods"

Front 87

Carpathian Basin

Back 87

Where the Maros lived, with their intense cemeteries and burials

Front 88

Molds

Back 88

Used to cast axes--> evidence of smelting out of Pecica