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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Light muscled animals are typically characterized by what physical traits?
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Smoother appearance, narrow standing and walking
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What happens to an animal's body as it fattens?
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wider flatter shape to their topline
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Yield grades determine:
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cutability
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Yield grades in beef cattle predict the yield of which boneless closely trimmed retail cuts?
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round, loin, rib and chuck
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how is fat related to yield grades?
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higher fat=higher yield grades
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Dressing percent for cattle is what>?
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62%
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what factors are used to determine a yield grade in beef cattle?
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fat thickness, rib eye area, KPH, and carcass weight
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What influences yield grades in market lambs most?
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fat thickness on the 12th rib
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How to calculate YG for sheep?
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0.4+(10x adjusted fat thickness in inches)
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Muscle in evaluated where in lambs?
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forearm, shoulder, rack, loin, and leg
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Where is fat evaluated in hogs?
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jowls, behind the shoulder, over the top, rear and fore-flanks, and underline
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A barrow is what classification of swine?
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a castrated male
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Dressing percent for swine is what? because?
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72%, monogastric, and skin is left on
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how do you calculate loin eye area in hogs
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(2xlive weight/100) + 0.5
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What part(s) of the small intestine are involved in digestion?
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duodenum
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What part(s) of the small intestine are involved in absorption?
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jejunum and ileum
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what are the functions of a mongastric stomach?
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storage of feed, muscular movement causing breakdown, and secretes digestive juices
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in the pig, what is the path that feedstuff follows from initial digestion to the defecation
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esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine
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What species does not have a gall bladder?
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horse
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What species cannot vomit?
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horse
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Where does bacterial fermentation occur in the horse?
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cecum
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what is the function of the Gizzard
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grinds feed by muscular contractions
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What is considered the "true stomach" in ruminants?
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abomasum
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four compartments of stomach and distinguish
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reticulum (honeycomb) rumen (largest) omasum (manyplies) abomasum (true stomach)
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what are the characteristics of the reticulum?
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honeycomb surface
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The ruminant digestive tract shifts in capacity as an animal matures. The largest compartment at maturity is:
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rumen
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The reticular groove is a vital component of a young ruminant's digestive tract. How does is function?
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It allows milk to by-pass the reticulo-rumen, and escape bacterial fermentation
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Processes involved in rumination:
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regurgitation, remastication, rensalivation, deglutition, eructation
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what is eructation?
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belching of gas; process of expelling gases from the rumen
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What name is given to the membrane fully encompassing the sheep carcass?
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fell membrane
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Where does head removal occur?
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atlas joint
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What is stunning?
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renders animal unconscious, but circulatory and respiratory systems still function
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What species carcasses are split?
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swine and cattle
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what species carcasses are not split?
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sheep
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Visceral organs?
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abdominal
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Pluck
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trachea, lungs and heart
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What is a break joint?
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ossifies at age of one in sheep; present in sheep less than 1 year of age
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Antemortem inspection:
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look at animals live within 24 hours of harvest
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what are the antemortem classifications?
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US Passed, US Suspect, US Condemned
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What factors effect dressing percent?
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fill, digestive tract, fat, muscle, manure and mud
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Offal?
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any organ or body part which doesn't remain with the carcass; dress-off items
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Which dress-off item is considered most valuable?
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pelt or hide
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What temperature does blast chilling occur?
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28 degrees F
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What is a pizzle eye?
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White disc-like tissue where the penis was removed from the carcass
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What are buttons?
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soft cartilage tips on outside of bones that ossify with age
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Feed should be withheld how many long before harvest?
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12-24 hours
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Beef carcasses with "A" maturity can be associated with what quality grades?
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prime, choice, standard, select
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What is PSE
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Pale, soft, exudative
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What factors can affect meat tenderness?
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Breed type, Locomotive vs support muscles, Quality grade effects, degree of doneness, age
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How do these steaks rank in comparison to one another- Rib, Round, and Tenderloin?
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Tenderloin, Rib, and Round
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The poultry industry in the US originated where?
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Midwestern States
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What is oviposition
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the egg laying process
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What are the reasons for recent increases in poultry consumption?
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Shift from seasonal to year-round production, new methods of processing, packaging and distribution, fresh-killed ready to cook broilers, favorable price and reduction in fat and cholesterol
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Vertical integration?
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The control by a single management of two or more stages of production
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What is the top grade for interior quality of shell eggs?
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AA
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In poultry, which is the heterogametic sex?
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female
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to produce one pound of broiler it takes how many pounds of feed?
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less than 2lbs
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how many pounds of feed are required to produce one dozen eggs?
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3lbs
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which cut of poultry is the most valuable?
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breast
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A hen can produce how many eggs in one year?
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285 eggs
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What are the leading broiler producing states?
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Georgia and Arkansas
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The top two broiler companies in the US are:
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Pilgrim's Pride and Tyson
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Which two states lead the US in turkey production?
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Minnesota and North Carolina
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What are the top two turkey processing companies in the US?
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Jennie-O
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How many days does it take a chick to hatch?
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21
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