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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 3 types of muscle
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skeletal
smooth cardiac |
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what is the function of the muscular system?
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contraction/relaxation
smooth- mix and propel food in the GI -controls distribution of blood/blood vessels Ex: diameter of pupil in eye Skeletal- locomotion and respiration cardiac- circulation of blood as it contracts in the heart |
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__= type of muscle tissue; voluntary; striated
Location- attached to the bones of the skeleton -Fxn; mvt of limbs, trunk, neck -multiple nuclei -long thin fibers -nerve supply necessary for function |
skeletal muscle
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__= type of muscle tissue; involountary; unstriated (no striations)
- location- lining of digestive tract, urogenital system, airways, blood vessels -Fxn; contraction (intrinsic) -single nuclei -spindle shaped -nerve supply- visceral- modifies activity, but not necessary for funtion multiunit- necessary for function |
smooth muscle
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__= type of muscle tissue; involuntary(striated)
location- heart Fxn; contracts intrinsically assisting in circulation of blood -single nucleus - branched in shape -nerve supply modifies activity; not necessary for function |
cardiac muscle
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discuss the skeletal muscle organization..
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- arranged in bundles surrounded by connective tissue
parts= endomysium- CT btw individual muscle fiber perimysium- sheath surrounding bundles of muscle fibers epimysium- CT around an entire muscles |
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muscle fibers can be __, __, __ in arrangement/shape
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parallel
fusiform unipennate/bipennate/multipennate |
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abdominal muscle fibers are ___ in arrangement.
elbow muscle fibers are ____ long digit extensors are ___ |
parallel
fusiform unipennate |
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Femur muscle fibers are ___ in arrangement
deltoid muscle fibers are ___ |
bi pennate
multipennate |
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__= form of muscle attachment of cords, bands
-flat fibrous sheets associated with the flat muscles such as loin/linea alba - attaches bone to muscle ( TBM) |
tendon
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__ = attachment site that is the less mobile attachment/fixed attachment
__= attachment site that is the more moveable attachment ( biceps brachii--> scapula is origin and radius is insertion) |
origin
insertion |
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How is nomenclature of a muscle determined?
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by physical characteristics
action (Ex:superficial digital flexor) shape (trapezoid) location ( biceps brachii- arm) direction of fibers ( rectus abdominus= straight) numbers of heads/divisions ( biceps, triceps, quadriceps) attachment sites (sternocephalicus= sternum to head behind mandible) |
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functional grouping
What is the flexor/extensor of the elbow? |
flexor= biceps brachii
extensor= triceps brachii |
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functional grouping
What is the adductor/abductor of shoulder |
adductor= superficial/deep pectoral
abductor- deltoid |
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functional grouping
__= encircles an opening ; circular __= superficial fascia, mvt of skin |
sphincter
cutaneous muscles |
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__= muscle directly responsible for producing an action (ex; flexion)
__= muscle that opposes the action ( ex; extension) __= muscle that opposes the undesired action of agonist; supports the agonistic mvt |
agonist
antagonist synergism |
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what are the muscles of the head..
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masseter
orbicularis orbis buccinator zygomaticus orbicularis oculi |
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Acting on the shoulder girdle..
__ swings the scapula forward, and the ___ brings the scapula back together, and the ___ is the sling supporting trunk |
trapezius
rhomboideus serratus ventralis |
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Acting on the shoulder joint...
The extensors = ___ and __ flexors= __ and __ Adductors= __ and __ abductors= ____ |
extensors = brachiocephalicus and supraspinatus
flexor= latissimus dorsi, infraspinatus adductors= pectoralis, subscapularis abductors= deltoideus |
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Acting on the elbow joint..
Extensors= __ flexors= __ and ___ |
extensors= triceps
flexors= biceps brachii, brachialis |
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Acting on the hip joint..
Extensors= ____ and ___, __,___ Flexors = ___ and __ Adductors = ___ abductors= _______ |
extensors= hamstrings ( biceps femorsi, semitendinosis, semimembranosis)
flexor= quadriceps, iliopsoas adductor= gracilis abductor= deep gluteal ( gluteul profundus) |
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Acting on the stifle joint
Extensors= (4) Flexors= ___ and ___ |
extensors= rectus femoris
vastus medialis vastus literalis vastus intermedius flexors= hamstrings, gastrocnemius |
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Acting on the hock joint..
extensors= __ and __ flexor= ___ |
extensor= gastrocnemius and soleus
flexors= tibialis |
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Muscle of mastication =___
muscle of the trunk = ___ |
mastication- masseter
trunk= lastissimus dorsi |
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muscle of the abdominals= ___
muscles of respiration= ___ and ____ |
abdominals= external abdominal obliques
respiration= diaphragm and intercostals |
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__= method of drug administration
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IM injection
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How are muscles chosen for IM injections?
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fairly large
easily accessible sufficiently think only a few muscles are suitable for each species |
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site of IM injection in dogs and cats?
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pelvic limb- gluteal muscle, quadriceps femoris, gastrocnemius, hamstring (biceps femoris)
thoracic limb- triceps brachii |
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site of IM injection for horses, cattle, and goats?
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pelvic limb- gluteal muscle, hamstring
thoracic limb- triceps brachii neck- trapezius muscle |
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Describe the microscopic structure of a skeletal muscle fiber..
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-outer cell membrane=sarcollema
- insisde of muscle cell(fiber) has elongated protein strands k/a myofibrils -smooth ER ( sarcoplasmic reticulum) fills the clefts/space btw myofibrils -sarcollemma forms tubular invaginations k/a T-tubules(transverse systems) which propogate action potential to inside of the cell |
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What are the properties of a skel muscle fiber?
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made of thin( actin)/ thick (myosin) filaments, H zone, I band, Z lines
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__= chains of actin molecules
__= golf-club shaped proteins |
thin myofilaments
thick myofilament |
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what are the properties of skel muscle?
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excitation --> contraction--> relaxation
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____= is the synapse or junction of the axon terminal of a motor neuron with the motor end plate, the highly-excitable region of muscle fiber plasma membrane responsible for initiation of action potentials across the muscle's surface, ultimately causing the muscle to contract. In vertebrates, the signal passes through the neuromuscular junction via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
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neuromuscular junction
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What happens at the neuromuscular junction?
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- acetylcholine combines with nicotinic receptors or is metabolized by acetylcholinesterase
-the nicotinic receptor binds 2 ACh molecules opening a nonspecific monovalent cation channel |
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Describe the physiology of a skel muscle fiber contraction.
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Summary:
-action potential carried into transverse tubules -activation of sarcoplasmic reticulum causes release of calcium into cytoplasm from SR - calcium binds to troponin - causes mvt of tropomyosin - mvt of tropomyosin allows binding sites of actin to be exposed -myosin can then bind to actin -myosin head is "charged" and bends at a 90 degree angle whenbound to actin -mvt pulls actin towards the center of the sarcomer (z lines) -after contraction, more ATP is required to pump the Ca back into SR and to re-establish resting membrane |
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Relaxing of skel muscle..
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calcium is squestered into SR
-ion pumps in SR use ATP to pump calcium frtom sarcoplasm back into storage -without ATP, muscle cannot relax |
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___= muscle that is involuntary and mostly single unit ( action potentials transmitted across cells via gap junctions- work as single unit
-multi-unit- eye, pilomotoe fibers of hair -central nucelus -no orderly arrangement of Actin and Myosin (no striations) -action potential not always required for contraction -stimulation by ligand binding, mechanical stretch, slow-wave electrical activity (hormones, environment etc) |
smooth muscle
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contraction stimulation in smoth muscle..
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calcium has a different role
-upon stimulation, Ca released from SR - also enters from outside the cell via calcium channels -inside cell, calcium binds to calmodulin -Ca- calmodulin activated myosin to allow binding with actin |
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__ muscle is intermediate to smooth and skeletal muscle
-intercalated discs at ends of muscle cells allow transmission of electrical activity- cardiac muscle acts as syncytium -action potentials occur spontaneously within pacemake cells regulated by the autonomic nervous system -Ca from the SR and via membrane channels -but Ca binds similar to skel muscle |
cardiac
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Conditions/toxins of the muscular system..
___= neurotoxin from Clostridium tetani -excitatory impulses arent regulated -produces continuous tonic muscle spasms -lockjaw in masseter |
tetanus
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Condition/toxins of the muscular system..
__= botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum -acts on neuromuscluar junction -toxin prevents vesicles containing ACh at the synapse from release -flaccid paralysis due to lack of muscle contraction |
botulsim
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conditions/toxins of the muscular system..
__= when most ATP is depleted,myosin heads cant separate from actin and Ca can't be sequestered back into SR by calcium pump= NO RELAXATION ( continuous contracted state) ____= upon death |
rigor
rigor mortis (upon death) |
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conditions/toxins of the muscular system..
__= function of muscle cell and not due to neurons -decrease in ATP availability -increase in IC concentration of lactic acid -2 metabolic pathways to produce ATP ( glycolytic, oxidative) |
fatigue
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__= is the functional unit of the skel muscle fiber
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sarcomere
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T/F tetanus is a condition of the muscular system caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani that leads to continuous tonic muscle spasms
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T
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define depolarization and repolarization of a cell membrane
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depolarization- when the channels open up and allow Na to come into the cell/ICF, making the charge more positive (-70 or so to 0). This also causes the potassium ion channels to open up, shuttling potassium out.
repolarization occurs when more sodium channels open up, allowing for sodium to go back out and into the ECF. This causes the cell's charge to go back to around -70 or so, more negative state |
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___ is the predominate source of energy for contraction of the muscle fibers but __ is the most abundant source of energy in the muscle fiber
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ATP
CP |
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What is the myelin sheath?
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it is a fatty covering of the myelin, covering the schwann cells for protection
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__ and __ are the 2 flexor muscles of the shoulder joint of domestic animals
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latissimus dorsi
infraspinatous |
