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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Transporting Mechanisms |
1) Exocytosis: materials are exported out of the cell via secretory vesicles. -lysosomes -proteasomes -peroxisomes 2) Endocytosis: active transport in which a cell transports moleculesinto the cell by engulfing them -pinocytosis -phagocytosis -receptor mediated endocytosis 3)Vaults |
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Pinocytosis |
-colostrum absorption -proteins being engulfed by membrane to migrate through cell -vital for health of neonatal 24hr calves, to get antibodies from mum via milk into gut without being broken down straight into immune system/blood |
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Microtubules |
-transport of secretary vesicles -movement of cilia and flagella -mitotic spindles |
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Microfilaments |
-cellular contraction -mechanical stiffening |
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intermediate filaments |
-nerve axon structure -hold contractile units in mucle -waterproof skin |
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Cell to Cell Adhesion |
>Extracellular Matrix >Desmosomes >Tight Junctions >Gap junctions |
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Membrane Structure and Composition |
-Phospholipid molecules:polar head/non polar tail -self assembling lipid bilayer -membrane proteins and carbohyrdrates |
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Membrane Carbohydrates |
-glycoproteins/glycolipids -recognition of self -tissue growth |
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Membrane proteins |
Channels:ion specific -carrier molecules -receptor sites -glycoproteins -membrane bound enzyme -docking marker acceptors:secretion |
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Ficks Law of Diffusion |
(Concentration gradient x permiability x surface area) divided by (molecular weight x membrane thickness) |
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Graded Potentials |
>Trigger events -specialised nerve endings -change in electrical field -chemical messengers -imbalance of ion pumps This causes channels to open and let Na in which causes rmp to rise up and activate action potential |
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Afferent Nerves |
-carries nerve impulses from sensory receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system. |
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Efferent Nerves |
-sends impulses from the central nervous system to your limbs and organs |
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Protection of the CNS |
-Cranium/spinal column (phys protection) -Meninges (separates cns from rest of body and filters blood coming into brain) -blood brain barrier -cerebrospinal fluid |
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Somatic Nervous System |
-part of the peripheral nervous system associated with skeletal muscle voluntary control of body movements. |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
-the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes. |
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parasympathetic system |
-rest and digest system, the parasympathetic system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. |
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sympathetic system |
-primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response. -It is, however, constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis. |
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Rate of adaptation -tonic receptors |
A tonic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulus and continues to produce action potentials over the duration of the stimulus |
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Rate of adaptation -phasic receptors |
A phasic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts rapidly to a stimulus. |
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Receptor field size |
The receptive field of an individual sensory neuron is the particular region of the sensory space (e.g., the body surface, or the visual field) in which a stimulus will trigger the firing of that neuron. -teeth (greatest acuity in most animals) |
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Lateral Inhibition |
-lateral inhibition is the capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors. -disables the spreading of action potentials from excited neurons to neighboring neurons in the lateral direction. |
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Botulism |
-Bone chewing (phosophorus deficiency) -bones contain toxin>flaccid paralysis -blocks release of acetlycholine |
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Organophosphate poisoning |
-blocks acetylcholinesterase -drooling, tremors, breathing difficulties |
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Types of Muscle
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Skeletal: striated, voluntary Cardiac: striated, involuntary Smooth: unstriated, involuntary |
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Skeletal Muscle Structure |
muscle tendon muscle fibres -nucleus, sarcolemma, sarcoplasma myofibrils |
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
specialized type of smooth ER that regulates the calcium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells. |
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Sarcolemma |
the fine transparent tubular sheath which envelops the fibres of skeletal muscles. |
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Myofibrils |
any of the elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells. 'sarcomere' |
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Sarcomere |
A sarcomere is the basic unit of striated muscle tissue. composed of thick and thin filaments Muscles contract when sarcomeres shorten. |
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Myofibril:summary |
-electrical signals from the brain travel through the nervous system to the muscle -calcium is released inside the muscle cell and binds to troponin C -actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, causing the muscles to contract -atp provides the energy for this process to occur |
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muscle filaments |
composed of both myosin- a thick filament actin-thin filament Muscle contraction occurs when these filaments slide over one another in a series of repetitive events. |
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Twitch Summation |
If a skeletal muscle is stimulated and a second stimulus is applied before relaxation is complete, a second contraction, which develops a greater tension, is fused to the first contraction. |
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tetanus |
the prolonged contraction of a muscle caused by rapidly repeated stimuli. |