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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Human-Animal bond |
-showing animals not just companion animals -mutualistic relationship --humans gain support and health benefits --animals gain food, water, shelter and care |
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lateral transfer vs conversion |
-Lateral transfer: direct transfer to blood stream after eating -conversion: requires processing into nutrient form --loss of energy (cows eat grass -> processing -> milk -> we drink ->nutrients break down -> blood stream) |
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what did our ancestors eat |
-depends on how far you go back --most likely omnivorous -later evolved to eat meat (lateral transfer) |
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monkey before/ after eating meat |
herbivore monkey: large gut due to diet of only plants because of conversion omnivore monkey: small gut due to lateral transfer (less energy needed to sustain the gut meant that more could go towards developing the brain which lead to evolution) |
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what did cooking out meat do |
made it more digestible |
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united state dairy practices |
-96% consume meat -4% vegan/ vegetarian --some do this because of religious practices or it is not available where they live --Altruistic View (we don't have the right to use animals) --lack of vitamin b happens when you don't eat meat |
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recommended nutrients (protein) |
select a variety of protein foods to improve nutrients intake and health benefits -include at least 8oz of cooked meat -now are recommending that we replace meat for fish due to omega 3 -lateral transfer |
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recommended nutrients (dairy) |
all fluid milk products and many foods made from milk are considered part of this group |
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complete proteins |
-meats -eggs -dairy -soy -chia -quinoa HAVE ALL 9 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS |
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complementary proteins |
-vegiatables -nuts and seeds -grains NOT COMPLETE SO YOU NEED TO COMBINE THEM |
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Total calories consumed |
-most come from cereal grains WW -- US most comes from cereal grains, meat and milk (united states has access to meat and milk) -protein lack is the largest contributor to malnutrition ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES VS. HEALTH ISSUES |
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influence of socioeconomic status |
animal products cost more -more money people have= the more they're willing to spend --50-70% of our money on food OBESITY OFTEN DUE TO NOT BEING EDUCATED |
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per capita consumption estimates |
-graphed by finding the amount of food available vs the amount of food gone after a year --one average we consume 58 lbs of meat per year --pork is the #1 consumed meat because it is cheap --veal is low in consumption because it is controversial --lamb and mutton are low because you have to know how to cook it right |
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dairy eggs and cheese consumption |
loss in fluid milk consumption compared to 20 years ago -yogurt is good for you because of the cultures in it, not the amount of protien -Eggs fluctuate due to health concerns |
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milk supply by species |
1. cattle 2. waterbuffalo 3. camal, goat, and sheep |
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multipurpose animal |
used for multiple things other than just milk -cattle, sheep, goat |
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why does camal milk have an increased shelf life |
an increase in lactoferrin
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media in animal products |
oprah killed beed sales after having a person from cattle industry on her show -ill never eat another hamburger again -beef industry sued her |
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risk in animal products |
people are scared of poultry and eggs when a case of salmonella breaks out |
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economics in animal products |
price of items (healthy foods) limits amount of people who can purchase them |
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perceptions in animal products |
veal (baby cow) industry is not highly regards due to small, lonely, living spaces where they're not allowed to move -people want light colored veal which means they are fed an iron deficient diet (grain fed= darker meat) -marketed at 18-25 weeks --colostrom: milk made from mom in the first 3 days that is essential, so it is taken and re fed to the baby |
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wool |
makes up 5% of textiles, resistant to fire, breathable but is very expensive -only need 20% wool in a product to market it as wool |
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mohair and cashmere |
mohair is upper coat and cashmere is small percentage of undercoat -cashmere is considered very luxurious -also used in apolstry |
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Angora |
rabbit fur that is not very common |
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llama fur |
not very desired for clothing but is commonly used for apolstry |
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alpaca |
very soft and desired |
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Land Management (Conservative agriculture) |
sustainable practices for smallholder farming systems, for erosion control, noxious weed control, pasture management -with more tractors you need roads which hurt environment even more then pollution from tractors -elephants being used in deforestation is better because instead of doing a mass cut down you can pick and choose |
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transportation |
infrastructure does not always support the use of motorized vehicles (roads) -using animals is better for the environment because they don't need to build roads to be used and there are no emissions --increase in donkey drawn carts in africa however, we still need man power to make this kind of society work |
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what is the most common form of transport |
bike |
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biofuel |
fuels used to dilute petroleum use to make it more environmentally friendly -soy and ethanol (both used in human diet as well) -researchers are trying to convert chicken fat to fuel |
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why do we do research |
-discover how life works -be a model for humans -be a model for other animals -advancement of the other species itself FEDERAL LAW REQUIRES THAT ANIMAL TESTING IS CONDUCTED BEFORE MOST CLINICAL TRIALS INVOLVING HUMANS |
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advancements in medicine 1900-1920 |
-genetic research: Gregor mendals pea plants lead to testing on mice -human transplant: cornea transplant following tests in mice -Vitamin A: found in young female cows along with other vitamins -stored blood |
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advancements in medicine 1920-1940 |
-insulin: originally found in pancreas of dogs but it was not able to be purified so moved to cows because it is bigger and learned how to purify it --now use synthetic -neurotransmission: kept heart of frog alive in a dish and learned about it -anemia treatment |
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advancements in medicine 1940-1950 |
-dialysis -polio vaccine: tested in mice and rats |
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advancements in medicine 1950-1960 |
-cardiac pacemakers: was first tested in dogs externally -1st artificial heart valve: came from years of studies in dogs but moved to using pig heart valves then to artificial --but it has to be shaped and can fail unlike artificial |
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advancements in medicine 1960-1970 |
-first heart transplant: done in africa but died 3 weeks later which lead to further studies in dogs -cat scans |
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advancements in medicine 1970-1980 |
-organ transplant: still aren't always successful --Xenotransplant: using organs from other animals in transplant (controversial) |
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advancements in medicine 1980-1990 |
-leporsy treatment: armadillo has the organism that causes it as well so we created a vaccine to treat it -neonatal care: studied how to keep baby pigs alive -laparoscopy -Dolly: cloned a sheep from a mammary cell which showed that not all cells fates are predetermined |
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advancements in medicine 1990-2000 |
-Diabetic Care: took cells from monkey and put it into a pig trying to cure type one diabetes |
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humans rely on domestication for... |
-nutrients-lateral transfer-wool, fiber, feathers, hides-slaughter by products-research-entertainment-service and therapy-models-energy-fuel-draft-capital/ financial stability |
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why mice and rats for research |
-they're small so they require less room, food and water -they reproduce quickly -can be bred to replicate common human diseases -people think of them as a nuisance so we don't feel as bad --obbo rat: eats and eats because it can't tell when it is full |
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animals covered by the welfare act |
-in research you have to prove that you will give appropriate care (space and treats) -have to be warm blooded, alive or dead, used for research, teaching or companion animals --no rats/ mice bred for research |
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distribution of the purpose for animal use |
-vaccines/ biology 19% -heart 2% -cancer research 12% -eduction 1% -drug research 23% -other research 32% -toxicity 9% |
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medical milestones of livestock: Chickens |
-vitamin K discovery (1940) -processes of vision and hormonal cancer treatment (1960) -1st molecularly targeted cancer drug (2001) -ovarian cancer models |
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medical milestones of livestock: Pigs |
-CAT scans (1970s) -advancements in organ transplant (1980) -laparoscopic surgery (1990s) -diabetic model for heart disease (2001) --if we feed them high processed diet with in 3 months they'll gain weight |
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medical milestones of livestock: Sheep |
-treatment for anthrax (1900s) -advancements in organ transplant (1980s) -Hip replacement surgery (1950s) -Fetal Programming: how female interact with environment will imprint the fetus (obesity) |
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medical milestones of livestock: Horses |
-mechanisms of immunity discovered (1900s) -prevention of tetanus (1930) -Diabetic Model: horses get a condition similar to type 2 diabetes; so why don't they develop diabetes |
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medical milestones of livestock: Cows |
-treatment for smallpox (1900) -replacement heart valves (1950s) -advancements in organ transplant (1980s) |
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animal research benefits |
-over 80 medicines developed for humans are also used to treat animals -cataract surgery, orthopedic surgery, cardiac pacemakers, diabetes therapy, in vitro federalization |
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what is the longest, second longest and shortest phases of Domestication, Evolution and Production? |
1. Evolution 2. Domestication 3. Production |
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when/ what was the first animal to appear |
-first animal to appeared was the fish during the Cambrian period 540 may |
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cambrien explosion |
many fossils were found during this time which led to scientist thinking there was an explosion of life during this period |
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when did the first mammal appear -birds? -Genus homo? |
first mammal during the triassic period 250 mya -first bird appeared 150 mya in the Jurassic period -Genus Homo appeared in tertiary period 65 mya --tertiary period also had numerous land bridges appear such as the one from north America to Asia |
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What is evolution |
the process by which changes occur over successive generations -animals genetics and environment are catalyst for evolution |
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Evolutionary Theory |
-animals will evolve as the inherently posses the ability to vary, reproduce in excess and are exposed to a continually changing environment -DESENCT WITH MODIFICATION |
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evolution according to darwin |
-"living organisms are constantly evolving due in particular to the phenomenon of NATURAL SELECTION: Within one species, the individuals that are best adapted to their own environment reproduce in greater numbers than the others." |
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natural selection |
-There is a natural ability for organisms to vary. Selection occurs through irregular and unpredictable processes --Dosent introduce variation into an organism but works on existing variation that occur through consequence of genetic changes |
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Tree of Life |
-controversial because it says organisms evolved from a single ancestor -depicts the relationships of animals based on their genetics and reveals common ancestors |
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Fundamental principles of evolution |
1. There exists variation with in systems in terms of genetic differences and morphological diversity. -species change over time and space -this alone will not lead to evolution 2. Species can be selected for in the creation of new variations -Natural selection (works on existing variation) -species are selected for based on changes that benefit it 3. All species reproduce under food availability and suitable habitat -animals will have more young than the environment can hold which allows for greater opportunity to find a change 4. Species success is dependent on optimum conditions -those that have genetic advantage to change will survive and thrive |
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Adaptation |
allows the animals to survive in an environment -is a physical or behavioral characteristic that has developed to allow an organism to better survive in its environment. |
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vestigial feature |
adaptation that once served a purpose but no longer do -human appendix |
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natural selection acts on ___________________ and is acted upon by ________________ |
existing variations, genetic variation |
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Mutations -what do they act on |
most will not have a significant affect on the individual -acts on genes/ genetic variation |
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Genetic Drift -__________ acts upon _____________ |
random changes prevent natural selection from acting on the animal -lightening strike takes out reindeer -genetic variation acts upon genetic drift |
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Migration |
relies on hereditary information -we have distinct populations and each have different genetic structure and when these populations combine they start breeding --have to be able to reproduce though -acts upon genetic variation |
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DNA |
can be changed via transcription and translation due to mutations -have to come from the egg/ sperm cells |
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Natural vs. Artificial selection |
Natural: not predicted, selected for by the environment for an advantage -selection pressure --cows stomach Artificial: can be predicted, what humans do to increase a trait -dosent serve an advantage in nature --coat color in cattle |
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Domestication definition |
process by which a population of animals becomes adapted to man and captive environment by some combination of genetic changes occurring over generations an environmentally induced developmental events reoccurring during each generation -require social environment and genetics -gave rise to variation in animals -selection pressure is the social environment |
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wrong domestication definition |
a condition where by humans control the breeding, feeding and care of animals -does not reflect domesticatoin |
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markers of domestication |
occur across species due the the selection of a single trait 1. Multiple genes and gradual movement towards tameness -white head spotting 2. single (master) gene -multiple genes involved but a single/ limited number if genes begin the process -create similar phenotypes in different animals |
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neoteny |
feature of tameness in which animals retain juvenile features as an adult -ultimately affects other genes down the road |
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Farm fox experiment |
-study from 1950s in Siberia, raised population of silver foxes, then they selected for docile foxes (neoteny) which were less than 10%. Within 40 years they were able to establish a population domesticated tame foxes -white coat color -social cooperation leads to increased fitness -cant do this with all animals due to lack of capability |
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How is domestication selective? -major vs minor species |
-of 140 large hoofed animals, only 40 were able to be domesticated -major species: underwent domestication and benefit society (pigs, cattle, sheep, horses, goats) -minor species: do not have a big impact globally (donkey, yak, canal, llama) |
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Social behaviors that support domestication (8) |
1.Large social groups with a hierarchal (leader and follower) structure such as flocks or herds. -with domestication humans are the leaders 2. Promiscuous mating with male dominance -fewer old males/ males in general for reduction in aggression 3. Signal reproduction readiness through posture 4. Short flight distance and low reactivity to humans (personal space) 5. Herbivorous or omnivorous (makes animal more adaptable and able to get proper nutrition) 6. Low stress response to confinement -animal will adapt to new environments 7. Precocial young 8. GENES |
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Social behaviors that oppose domestication (7) |
1. Territorial structure with males in separate groups 2. monogamous matings 3. signals reproductive readiness through color markings 4. Altricial young (not independent/ has a lot of development to do after birth) -spends 80% of time with mom after birth 5. long flight distance and high reactivity toward humans 6. Carnivorous/ specialized feeders 7. High stress response to confinement -compromises ability to eat and reproduce |
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"Domestication is more than taming" |
-breeding animals in captivity --genetic/ morphological changes that come with breeding -goal oriented (research/food) -increases reproductive ability --reduced mortality rates with optimal environment -brings about atrophy of select organ systems --size of chickens increased, size of pigs brains increased -enables animal to achieve greater plasticity --highly adaptive to environment; humans are leaders and the animals are followers leads to less aggression -facilitated by subjugation to man increase |
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tame defintion |
reflects animal with docility for a certain period of time -docile when young but grow to be more wild --ex. tiger cub |
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feral Definition |
was once domesticated and has returned to the wild -ex: cats |
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wild definition |
never been domesticated
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origins of domestication |
with domestication features are passed from one generation to the next -still no certain time line |
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why domesticate? |
-wool, fiber, feathers, hides -slaughter by products -research -entertainment -service and therapy -energy-fuel -draft -transportation |
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Domestication for -wolves/ dogs -cats -horses -chickens |
-wolves/dogs: ate from mans hand and domesticated themselves -cats: domesticated themselves for pest control -horses: were originally domesticated for food -chickens: were domesticated for fighting |
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stimuli for domestication |
-although domestication is gradual it is relatively fast -hunter/gathers -> farmers 8000 bc (holocene) -population expansion --migration with animals not capable --hunting no longer able to be sustained: over-explotation --we needed animals to stay near us, so we captured them -increased community living (associated with water resources) |
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what was the benefit of an agrarian society? |
-we became successful |
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How did we domesticate? |
-although humans are given credit for domestication, it is likely that it began with a period of unintentional human involvement --animal keeping vs animal breeding |
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animal keeping |
a relationship between humans and animals was forced through human control of the animals environment |
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animal breeding |
-humans selecting for certain traits -management and control of animal population well before markers of domestication would appear |
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when did domestication occur? |
-Archaeological Evidence: changes in skeletal size, changes in horn shape and size, male and female ratios --some animals got smaller --animal keeping vs animal breeding -DNA Evidence: ancient mitochondrial DNA --passed down from female --looks at parts of DNA that give rise to proteins to get evidence for ancestors -GRADUAL EVENT |
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where did domestication occur? |
-occurred in different places and at different points in time -very few animals domesticated in the tropics (a lot of plants) --no exploitation --mostly for draft power because food was available through hunting -pigs were transported many times but didn't survive |
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The study of animal behavior.. |
considers all types of activities that animals engage in -important in establishing acceptable animals practices that promote animal well being -established in 1900s as we moved from small family farms to large industrialized farms -behavior is how an animals acts (social vs physical) --examples: -preening in chickens can manifest negative behaviors -cows will sacrifice feeding for resting which compromises milk prouction -pigs nesting before birth of young |
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origins of behavior |
-trace to when we began to secure food through hunting -we needed to understand predator-prey relationships as well as if an animal was nocturnal or aggressive --earliest depiction of this in human artifacts such as cave drawings -helped with domestication events later |
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Ideas on behavior throughout time: Aristotle |
in 300 BC he was the first to systematically record his observations and ideas on animal behavior |
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Ideas on behavior throughout time: John Ray |
naturalist who theorized that complex behaviors are innate and develop with out learning (17th century) -instincts |
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Ideas on behavior throughout time: Descartes |
Began to consider the relationship between human and non human animals. -proposed a mechanistic view of animal behavior --non human animals were incapable of consciousness or self awareness, only humans are capable of thought/ language/ emotion -MACHINE THEORY: all behaviors can be explained by science -dont understand emotions -only care for animals to benefit us; they don't matter |
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Ideas on behavior throughout time: Darwin |
published "The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals" in 1872 -early thoughts on comparative psychology -depicted how animals and humans express and relate their emotions to others and cast doubts on the view imposed by Descartes |
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Ideas on behavior throughout time: Hafez |
completed first test on the behaviors of domesticated animal behavior in 1962 |
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Ideas on behavior throughout time: Fox |
proposed the teaching of behavior in agriculture and veterinary practices in 1967 -lead to the understand of the behavior of agriculture animals began to gain notice in 1990s |
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Behavior research unit |
-until this time, animal behavior was thought of as a pseudoscience -Purdue University aimed to "determine behavioral and physiological indicators of stress and/or well being in food producing animals and to develop management systems that maximize well being in farm animals." |
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What affects behavior? |
1. Genetics (instincts): allowed for successful domestication (promiscuous, precocial, adaptable, docile). Selecting animals for or against a behavior is an important means of improving behavior. -battery cages for chickens prevents them from exploring their environment which leads to them pecking at each other 2. Environment: Behavior develops in synchrony with environment in which animals lives -learning: imprinting -Animal management practices -learning: associative vs problem solving |
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associative learning |
an animal associates one stimulus to another -imprinting: identifying parent, finding social order |
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problem solving |
an animal has a situation and figure out a way around it often ending with a reward |
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what are the four major approaches of studying animal behavior? |
1. Comparative Psychology 2. Sociobiology 3. Behavioral Ecology 4.Ethology |
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Comparative Psychology |
the study of mechanisms controlling behaviors of the non human animals including learning, sensation, perception and genetics under controlled conditions -Darwins book with comparison across species and with in species -has been accepted by many |
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Sociobiology |
the study of the biological basis of social behavior -basis of social behaviors with in a species -emphasis placed on role of genetics in controlling expressed behavior and considers evolutionary advantage of inheriting behaviors --communication/ how animals exist in social order (age/health affect social order) |
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Behavioral ecology |
The study of relationship between a behavior and its environment -environmental factors influence genetically based behaviors -Tieneberge: environmental adaptations by Gull bird to prevent predation (controversial) --emotions (fear) make an animal more flexible response to the environment |
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ethology |
The study of animals behavior in the NATURAL surroundings with a focus on instinctive or innate behaviors -behaviors evolve, to understand why one must study the animal in its usual surroundings -Ethograms: catalogue of animal behavior -switched from "natural" settings to "usual" setting because now most animals that were studying aren't in their natural environment |
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applied ethology |
focuses on behavior of animals reared by humans and anime to understand the expression of behaviors and indicators of the animals welfare
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Areas of Study: Communication |
ways that animals communicate with each other and with us -horses vocalizations/ dogs understanding tones |
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Areas of Study: Social Structure |
hierarchy of animals with a leader and follower of relationship -when something goes wrong it can lead to aggression --chickens fighting |
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Areas of Study: Sleep |
cows sacrificing feeding for resting however, they cannot get deep sleep (REM) because of their digesting process -Lateral Recumbency: laying on side to slow digestion in order to get deeper sleep |
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Areas of Study: Biological Rhythm |
rhythms with in an animal that let them know when it is time to do things (breeding) -Circadian Rhythm: 24 hr internal clock for sleeping --seasonal affects: breeding, responds to light and length of light --Diurnal vs Nocturnal vs Crepuscular |
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Areas of Study: Sexual behavior |
reproductive availability |
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Areas of Study: Maternal Behavior |
bond between mother and young is established with in hours -leaving calf vs taking calf will change milk production -pigs with floppy ears tend to be cannibals |
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Areas of Study: food and water intake |
feed intake will go down if water is not present which leads to less efficient in the animal -also leads to decrease in health -Pica: stress reaction in which animals will eat uneatable things |
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Areas of Study: Learning |
-Conditioning: association of 2 stimuli (Pavlock) -Trial and Error (operant): reward system with either reward/ reward or reward/punishment --reward system has to give reward immediately -Imprinting: critical period of learning, window of learning that has a distinct start/end time --precocial young: more significant (chicken) --critical period: point of no return --sensitive period: learning can still happen but more gradual (dog fighting bust) ALL OF THESE ARE ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING |
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Areas of Study: habituation |
animal getting used to a stimuli -cat and a collar |
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Physical Aspects: Auditory |
livestock have similar hearing to us while dogs can hear much higher frequencies -livestock can move ears independently which allows them to simultaneously hear sounds from opposite directions |
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Physical Aspects: Olfactory |
smell -animals have better sense of smell due to olfactory gland/ Jacobsen organ that we once had but no longer do -Pheromone Reception: Flemmens Response (lip curling to help expose Jacobsens organ and smell pheromones |
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Physical Aspects: Tactile |
touch -pigs laying on top of each theory of baboons grooming each other to reduce stress when the social order is out of whack |
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Physical Aspects: Taste |
sweet, salty, bitter, sour and Umami -varies by species --Birds suck at tasting things --carnivorous animals lack a sweet tooth --Marine animals crave salt --dogs lack a salty tooth but have a sweet tooth --some animals are able to neutralize bitterness taste of plants --Umami: meat taste caused by the amino acid glutamate (also in mushrooms) |
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Physical Aspects: visual |
humans and primates can distinguish fine lines and facial expressions -Binocular Vision: forward placed eyes that allows for better depth perception and focus on prey (don't distinguish fine lines/ Carnivorous) -monocular vision: eye placement on side of head that allows for almost 360 degree vision with the exception of a blind spot directly in-front and behind the animal -Birds: detect color, used in mating practices --chickens and changing color of feed |
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Normal behavior |
behaviors that we see across species of animals -setting a baseline for normal behavior in the wild leads to issues because we won't see the same behavior in domesticated animals due to different environments --if all dimensions studied we would have a better baseline |
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abnormal behaviors |
behaviors that deviate from commonly practiced behaviors of animals -subject to differ by species |
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behaviors are influenced by |
the environment |
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wild behavior |
behaviors to survive in hostile environment -survival of the fittest |
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domesticated behavior |
behaviors that occurred through learning and adaptation to a human made environment |
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stereotypes |
associated behaviors with domesticated and wild animals who get captured (forced to adapt to new environment) -behaviors that do not have a known association/ end goal --not in wild animal in native habitat --certain stereotypes only come out in certain environments |
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Enrichment |
changing the environment slightly to give animals something to explore will lead to decrease in stereotypes -sometimes they'll continue due to genetics -end goal is to understand factor that lead to stereotypes |
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outcome of studying animal behavior |
OPTIMIZE ANIMAL PRODUCTION THROUGH MONITORING OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR -Facility Design: old zoos were very concrete based vs new zoos that are enriched to mimic their natural environments -improve practices --battery cages that are being phased out for new ones with more space for stretching and privacy -Improve human- animal interaction -indicator of health: behavior can physically show if an animal is healthy |
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why should you be concerned with behavior |
behavior is a central theme in defining welfare -no unanimously accept definition of welfare |
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Growing concern for welfare |
consumers want cheap safe food but not at any cost -public is becoming more concerned about the environment and the welfare of animals which creates new moral and ethical questions -people with money are more willing to spend more on food -people are uneducated about the production business |
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timeline for animal welfare |
-2000 BC: recognized by indus valley civilizations that you should not mistreat your animals because they are your ancestors reincarnated -1876: cruelty to animals act established which made it harder to do research on animals -1966: Animal Welfare Act which protected animals in research --1976: ensured proper handeling and transportation (pepper the dog) --2002: includes mice, rats and birds --2007: prohibited buying, selling and trading of instruments used in animal fighting (cock fighting ban) --2008: strengthened fines and penalties |
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Animals covered by the welfare act/ animals not covered |
Covered: -live or dead warm blooded -used for research, teaching, exhibition or as a pet Not Covered: -cold blooded -farm animals (includes horses/ poultry) -used for fiber, food or research related to food or fiber -birds, rats or mice bred for research use |
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Abolitionist View of Animals |
nature is given to us by god and we don't have the right to use them |
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Reformist View of Animals |
improve ways to use animals (middle) but still use them |
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Ownership View of Animals |
nature/ animals are at our disposer |
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animal welfare definition |
animals should not suffer unnecessarily and under human care, should be provided with an adequate environment and provisions to meet their physical and behavioral needs -reformist point of view |
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animal rights definition |
animals have intrinsic rights to life, liberty and justice like humans do -abolitionist view |
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Feelings based approach |
welfare defined by emotions: anger, fear, joy and happiness -science is telling us that animals have more complex emotions --leads to us anthropomorphizing them which leads to us potentially harming them -Aim: increase positive emotions PROS: -increase in positive emotions lead to a less stressed animal which leads to more efficiency CONS: -difficult to read emotions in animals which leads to anthropomorphizing which leads to harm |
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Nature of the Species |
improve welfare by respecting nature of the animal= "natural environment" and "natural ways" (wild state vs behavioral tendencies) --Farrowing Crate: gestation crate to prevent mother from crushing young PROS: -desirable to consumer CONS: -not all animals are kept in natural environment -increased risk of death and disease |
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Five Freedoms |
1. Freedom from hunger and thirst 2. Freedom from discomfort 3. Freedom form pain, injury and disease 4. Freedom to express normal behavior -good for social needs but normal is hard to define 5. Freedom from fear and distress PROS: takes into account both the physical and emotional CONS: -difficult to guarantee all 5 freedoms when we can't even guarantee to all humans |
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Animal Choice |
allow animal to select or choose its own resources- space, flooring, parturition sites -lettings the animals free -survival of the fittest in wild vs domesticated state -Feast or Famine: cat has an expanding stomach so it will eat as much as possible in the wild because it doesn't know where next meal is coming from (leads to obesity) PROS: -gives animal free choice CONS: -limited space -animals don't make good choices -not good for consumers or environment |
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Biological Function |
the welfare of an individual is it state as regards to its attempts to cope with its environment -difficulty in adaptations generates welfare problems -behavioral responses that pose the greatest risk are associated with biological failure PROS: -easier to measure CONS: -Ignores mental/ social needs |
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old model |
Five Freedoms: no pain, fear and distress Nature of Living: able to live under natural conditions Biological Function: healthy, growing, reproduction replaced by current model due to new data |
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New model |
Basic Health and Function: physical fitness, good health is a right Natural Living: able to live under natural conditions -strive for environment that is more natural for animals (brought by early zoos) Affective State: subjective, emotional and experiences. -emotional support of animals -a lot of subjectivity -neurobiology is now being used |
