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254 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Median, Midsagittal
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Plane that separates an amial or peron into right and left halves.
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Sagittal plane
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Plane that is parallel to the median plane
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Frontal Plane, Coronal
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Plane that separates the Top half of animal and the bottom half of the animal
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Transverse
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Plane that separates the front half from the back half
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Anterior
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Front
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Posterior
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Rear
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Ventral
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Stomach
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Dorsal
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Back/spine
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Parotid gland
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salivary gland located below the ears
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Submaxillary gland
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Salivary gland located at the base of the jaw
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Sublingual glands
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Salivary glands located under the tongue
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Salivary glands contain:
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Mucin, Bicarbonate, water and Salivary amaylase.
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Buccal Cavity
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The Empty space in the mouth.
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Pharynx
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Open space behind the buccal cavity. Ends at the juncture of larynx and esophagus.
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Larynx
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Contains the vocal cords, has the thyroid cartilage and the epiglottis.
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Trachea
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air passageway. has cartillage rings
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Esophagus
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passage way for food.
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Liver
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Major metabolic processing unit, secretes bile, makes angiotensinogen and IGF-1 (insulin growth factor-1)
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Gall Bladder
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stores bile
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Greater omentum
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covers the stomach. Protects the body from the stomach, creates white blood cells (leukocyte)
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Spleen
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Largest lymphatic organ, Removes red blood cells.
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Duodenum
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forms a loop and helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach.
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Jejunum
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digestion and absorption
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Ileum
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Absorbs salts and water and Vitamin B12
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Pancreas
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produces insulin and glucagon and proenzymes trypsinogen and chymotrypsingoen
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Hepatic Portal System
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Network of blood vessels which connects the intestines with the liver.
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Cecum
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Fermentation
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Colon
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Fermentation and absorption
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Rectum
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shapes the poop
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Brachi-
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Arm
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Cauda-
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Tail
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Cervic-
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Neck
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Corpus
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Body
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Cyst-
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Bladder or Sac
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Glosso-
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Tongue
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Gusta-
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Taste
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Hepa-
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Liver
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Nas-, Rhin-
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Nose
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Ped, Pod
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Foot
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Pharyngo-, Fauci-, Larynog-
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Throat
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-Plasty
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Plastic Surgery
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Gray Matter
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Gray because the unmyelinated axons.
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White Matter
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contains high concentrations of myelinated axons
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Cerebrum
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Responsible for higher mental functions
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Gyrus, -i
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Thick Folds
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sulcus, -i
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Grooves in the brain
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Frontal Lobe
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Responsible fro voluntary motor control, reasoning, planning, emotions, and social judgement
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Parietal Lobe
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Perceives sensations from skin, muscles, tendons and joint receptors.
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Temporal Lobe
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Contains auditory centers to receive signals from the ears. Important in memory.
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Occipital lobe
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Vision and eye coordination
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Insula
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role in taste and language function
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Corpus callosum
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band that connects the two halves of the brain
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Thalamus
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"thumb Print" relay center for all senses except smell.
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Hypothalamus
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Responsible for many primal behaviors including: Hunger, thirst, sex drive, Regulating body temperature, pain, fear, pleasure, regulating sleep and wakefullness
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Pituitary gland
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Contains the anterior and posterior pituitary glands
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Anterior pituitary gland
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Produces and releases somatotropin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH and prolactin.
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Posterior pituitary gland
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Releases ADH and oxytocin which are produced by the hypothalamus.
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Optic Chiasm
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Point at which the optic nerves cross over.
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Limbic System
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Controls smell.
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Papez circuit
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connects the limbic system and the thalamus and hypothalamus.
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Cerebellum
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Responsible for coordination of movement
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Midbrain
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connects the brainstem and the hindbrain and the forebrain.
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Pons
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Contains two respiratory centers
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Medulla Oblongata
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responsible for motor control and contains several regulatory centers, Vasomotor, Cardioinhibitory and respiratory
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Vasomotor Center
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Responsible for the contraction or dilation of blood vessels. Part of Medulla Oblongata.
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Cardioinhibitory center
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Responsible for the rhythm of the heart. Part of the Medulla Oblongata
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Respiratory Center
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Works with the two respiratory centers in the pons. Part of the Medulla Oblongata.
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Cranial Nerves
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12 pairs of nerves.
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Spinal Nerves
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31 pairs of nerves divided into 5 groups.
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Name the parts and the amount of spinal nerves.
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8 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral, 1 Coccygeal
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Cephalo-, Crani
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Head
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Cerebro-, Encephalo-
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Brain
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Neur-
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Nerve
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Optic-,Opt-
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Eye
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Ot-, Auri-
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Ear
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Smooth Muscle
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involuntary, smooth. Found in GI and Reproductive tracts.
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Cardiac Muscle
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Involuntary, striated. Found in the heart.
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Skeletal Muscle
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Voluntary, striated. Found attached to bones.
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Functions of the circulatory system
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Carry nutrients to tissues, Carry waste products from tissues, Lymphatic system-Return extracellular fluid, disease control
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Arteries
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Carry blood away from the heart. Three layers.
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Tunica Intima
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innermost layer of arteries smooth muscle longitudinally arranged with endothelial cells.
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Tunica Media
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Middle layer of arteries. smooth muscle circularly arranged. Thickest Layer
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Tunica Adventia
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Outmost layer. made of elastin and collagen
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Elastic (large) arteries
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High proportion of elastin.
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Muscular (distributing) arteries
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High proportion of smooth muscle.
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Arterioles
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Smaller proportions of smooth muscle and elastin
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Capillaries
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Endothelial cells.
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Veins
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Blood Vessels taking blood back to the heart. Same three layers as arteries, but little smooth muscle or elastin and are thin walled. Smooth muscle circularly arranged, more collagen less elastin.
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Venules
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Like capillaries but larger
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Right Atrium
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Receives blood from the vena cava
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Right Ventricle
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pumps blood to the pulmonary artery
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Left Atrium
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Recieves blood from the pulmonary veins
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Left Ventricle
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Largest blood chamber. Pumps blood to the aorta
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Atrioventricular valves (AV valve)
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Valves located between the atria and ventricles. Prevents the blood from flowing from the ventricles back into the atria. Right is called Tricuspid valve, the left is the mitral valve.
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Semilunar Valves
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Valves located between the ventricles and the arteries leaving the heart. Right is called the aortic valve and the left is the pulmonary valve.
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Vena Cava
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Larges vein in the body that contains two parts. The superior vena cava carries blood from the upper body and the inferior brings blood to the heart from the lower body.
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Aorta
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The largest artery in the body. Carries blood from the left ventricle to the body.
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Pulmonary artery
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Carries low oxygen blood to the lungs from the heart.
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Pulmonary veins
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Carries high oxygen blood to the heart from the lungs.
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Blood Circulation pattern
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Vena Cava, Right Atrium, AV valve, Right Ventricle, Semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, Left atrium, AV valve, Left Ventricle, Semilunar valve, Aorta, organ, vena cava.
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Pulmonary circulation
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Blood circulates in the heart
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Systmeic circulation
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Blood going from the heart to an organ to the heart
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Portal system and name 2 examples
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Blood going from one organ to another before returning to the heart.
ex. Hepatic portal system, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal portal system. |
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Arteri-
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Artery
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Cardi-
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Heart
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-emia
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Blood
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Erythro-
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red
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Hemo-
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Blood
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Hydr-, Aque-
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Water
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Leuko-
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White
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Vaso-
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Vessel
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Urinary System
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Removes waste products and helps regulate blood volume and body pH.
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nephron
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Considered to be the functional unit in the kidney. Filtration of blood occurs here.
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Urinary System Functions
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1. Regulates body water and thus indirectly regulates blood volume and blood pressure. 2. Filters plasma. 3. Maintains electrolyte balance. 4. Resorption water and useful constituents. 5. Regulates acid base balance. 6. Collects and stores urine.
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Mammalian Urinary System Components
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Two Kidneys, Two ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
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Avian Urinary System Components
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Two Kidneys, Two ureters, Cloaca
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Kidney parts
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Renal Cortex, Renal Medulla, Renal Pelvis.
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Renal Cortex
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Outer part of the kidney, brown in color.
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Renal Medulla
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inner part of the kidney. Contains the renal pyramids and the renal columns.
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Renal Pyramids
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Cone shaped structures.The base is contiguous with the renal cortex. the point opens into the renal pelvis. The loop of henle and collecting ducts are located within the renal pyramids.
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Renal Columns
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Located between the renal pyramids and are extensions of cortex into medulla and support the cortex of the kidney. Composed of lines of blood vessels and cortical material
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Renal Pelvis
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Funnel shaped opening in the kidney that initially receives urine.
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Minor Calyx (calices)
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Part of the renal pelvis; surrounds the tip of a renal pyramid.
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Major Calyx
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Several minor calices merge to form a major calyx. Receives urine from minor calyx and passes it into the main body of the renal pelvis.
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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Filtrate produced per minute by both kidneys.
(functionally this is the work rate of kidney) |
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Renal Plasma Clearance
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Removal of substances from the blood upon passage through the kidney.
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Upper respiratory tract
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Airway from the nose through the pharynx and larynx.
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Lower respiratory tract
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Airway from the trachea through the lungs.
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Conductive zone
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Transports air. It includes the nose through the conducting bronchioles.
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Respiratory zone
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respiratory system represents the region where gas exchange occurs and include the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.
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Compliance
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ability to stretch
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Elasticity
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Tendency to return to original size after distention
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Surface Tension
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the tension due to the attractions between like molecules.
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Tidal Volume
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Volume of air moving in and out during respiration.
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Minute respiratory volume
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Tidal volume times respiration rate.
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Resting tidal volume
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volume of air inspired after maximum expiration.
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Residual volume
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The air that remains in the airways after maximal forced expiration, and thus cannot be removed.
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Total Lung Capacity
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The sum of vital capacity and residual volume.
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Components of the Mammalian respiratory system
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Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli.
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Nephr-, Ren-
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Kidney
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Pleur-
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Chest Lining
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Pneum-, pulm-
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Lungs
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Thora-
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Chest
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Trache-
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Windpipe
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Teeth
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Function in prehension and particle reduction
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Tongue
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prehension, mixing and tasting
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Salivary Glands
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Release mixture of salivary amylase, mucin and bicarbonate in a water solution.
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Esophagus
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Connects pharynx to stomach. Transports food and drink to stomach by peristalsis
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Stomach
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produces mucous, HCl, Pepsingoen and intrinsic factor in the gastric glands. Stores, mixes, physical breakdown, initial digestion of protein
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Rugae
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longitudinal wrinkles in the stomach
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Pancreas
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Produces the digestive enzymes trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase bicarbonate and hormones insulin and glucagon
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Digestion in the Duodenum
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receives bile from the gall bladder and
pancreatic secretions form the pancreas. |
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Digestion in the Jejunum
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Digestion of protein and Carbohydrates is fairly complete here. Absorption of amino acids, monosaccharides, calcium and iron
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Digestion in the ileum
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Absorption of bile salts, water, electrolytes and Vitamin B12. Contains the ileocecal valve
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Ileocecal valve
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regulates flow of material from the ileum to the large intestine
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Digestion in the Cecum
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Fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose occurs. Absorption of some volatile fatty acids and vitamins as well as water.
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ab-
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Away from
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Chole-
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Bile
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Cholecyst-
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Gall Bladder
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Dys-, Dis-
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difficult
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Entero-
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Intestines
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Gastri-
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Stomach
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Pectus
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Chest
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-penia
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Lack
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-phagia
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to eat
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male reproductive system functions
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To produce sperm, produce testosterone and ejaculate
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Seminiferous tubles
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Located within the testes, they are the area where sperm production occurs
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Leydig cells
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Surrounds the seminiferous tubules in the testes and produce testosterone
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Sertoli Cells
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Prevents the immune system from becoming sensitive to antigens in the developing sperm by forming the blood testis barrier around each seminiferous tubule
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Rete Testis
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Carries sperm out of the seminiferous tubules into the head of the epididymis
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epididymis
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has 3 parts; head, body and tail
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Head of the epididymis
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fluid absorption occurs to increase the concentration of teh sperm.
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Body of the epididymis
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where maturation of sperm occurs
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Tail of the epididymis
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The part of the epididymis farthest from the body. sperm is stored here to prevent being killed by high body temperatures.
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Vas Deferens
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Takes the sperm from the tail of the epididymis to the urethra during sexual excitement. In some species there is an ampulla immediately prior to the juncture of vas deferens and urethra
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Ampulla
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speeds up ejaculation
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Accessory glands
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Seminal Vesicles, Prostate gland, Bulbourethral (cowpers) gland.
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What do accessory glands do?
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Neutralize residual acidity in the male urethra, supply nutrients for the sperm, activate the sperm and in some species supply a gel to prevent fertilization by another male.
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Semen
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sperm and fluids
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Two types of penises
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Fibro-elastic and vascular
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fibro-elastic penis
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large amount of connective tissue, makes it unable to change in diameter or lenght. controlled by the retractor muscle and the sigmoid flexure.
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Sigmoid flexure
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allows the penis to come out of the sheath
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Retractor muscle
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pulls the penis back in
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Vascular Penis
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mostly vascular tissue. the penis can fill with blood and increase in length and diameter.
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Pampiniform plexus
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cools arterial blood going into the testes and warms venous blood leaving the testes.
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Tunnica Dartos
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muscle located within the scrotum and contracts when the testes are cold and expands when they are warm.
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Cremaster muscle
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pulls the testes closer or farther from the body depending on the temperature.
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Anti
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against
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Brady
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slow
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-ectomy
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cutting out, excision
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extra
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outside
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peri
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surrounding
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sub
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beneath
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The female reproductive system functions:
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produce ova, produce female hormones, carry young until parturition.
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Ovary
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Forms the ova, synthesizes progesterone and estrogen and other sex hormones
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Stages of ovarian structures
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Primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, graafian follicles and corpus hemorrhagicum (CH), Corpus Luteum (CL), Corpus Albicans (CA)
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Primordial follicle
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The ovum is surrounded by squamous follicular cells
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Primary follicle
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Contains the ovum surrounded by one layer of granulosa cells. These cuboidal cells contain an underlying membrane. The ovum has increased in size.
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Secondary follicle
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Contains the ovum surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells.
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Tertiary follicle
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contains an antrum. Antrum is a space filled with follicular fluid. Initially secreted by the granulosa cells that enlarge and coalesce into one large antrum
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extra
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outside
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peri
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surrounding
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sub
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beneath
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The female reproductive system functions:
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produce ova, produce femal hormones, arry young until parturition.
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Ovary
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Forms the ova, synthesizes progesterone and estrogen and other sex hormones
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Stages of ovarian structures
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Primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, graafian follicles and corpus hemorrhagicum (CH), Corpus Luteum (CL), Corpus Albicans (CA)
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Primordial follicle
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The ovum is surrounded by squamous follicular cells
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Primary follicle
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Contains the ovum surrounded by one layer of granulosa cells. These cuboidal cells contain an underlying membrane. The ovum has increased in size.
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Secondary follicle
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Contains the ovum surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells.
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Tertiary follicle
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contains an antrum. Antrum is a space filled with follicular fluid. Initially secreted by the granulosa cells that enlarge and coalesce into one large antrum
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Graafian Follicle (Mature Follicle)
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Contains many layers of granulosa cells and a large antrum. This mature follicle will ovulate. This expels the egg amidst a cloud of follicular fluid.
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Corpus Hemorrhagicum (CH)
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The first ovarian structure produced after ovulation. It is filled with blood from the bursting of capillaries during ovulation.
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Corpus Luteum (CL)
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Produces progesterone. Is maintained during pregnancy
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Corpus Albicans (CA)
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White scar on the ovary. The CL turns into CA when implantation does not occur in the uterus.
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Estrogen
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Sex hormone produced by the follicles that is responsible for libido, secondary sex characteristics and maternal behavior.
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Progesterone
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Sex hormone produced by the CL that is responsible for quieting the uterus during pregnancy.
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Infundibulum
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Surrounds the ovary but is not attached to it. Catches the egg during ovulation when active fimbriae guide the egg down the reproductive tract.
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Parts of the oviduct
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Ampulla, Ampullary-isthmus junction and the isthmus
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Ampulla
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The first part of the oviduct, which is lined with cilia to assist the egg in moving down the tract
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Ampullary-isthmus junction
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place where the ampulla and isthmus meet. Site of fertilization.
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Isthmus
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second part of the oviduct, which is more muscular than the ampulla. Connects the ampulla to the uterus.
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Uterus
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Consists of the uterine horns and the uterine body. The uterus is where pregnancy is established and where nutrient exchange between mother and fetus occurs
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Cervix
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Passageway between the uterus and vagina
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Cervix's functions
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Protective, sperm reservoir, lubrication
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Protective
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Prevents microorganisms from entering the uterus, which could cause infection. Endometriosis and endometritis are two infections in the uterus that can cause infertility in humans
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Sperm reservoir
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Semen is stored in the crevices in the cervix (this is the copulatory organs in sows)
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Lubrication
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During parturition and in women will dilate about 10 cm
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Vagina
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Receptacle for the penis during copulation and place of semen deposit in most species
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Clitoris
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Highly innervated part responsible for the orgasmic response. It evolves from the same tissue type as the male's penis
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Vulva (labia or lips)
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Female external genitalia which are the orifice for the urinary tract. There can be one or two pair depending upon the species.
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Uterine types
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Duplex, Bicornuate, Bipartite, Simplex
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Duplex
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No uterine body, two uterine horns and two cervices. Produces litters. Ex: Rodents
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Bicornuate
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Small uterine body and large uterine horns. Produce litters. Ex: Pigs
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Bipartite
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Moderate sized uterine body and moderate sized uterine horns. Usually has 1, 2 or 3 offspring. Ex: cow, mare, sheep and goat.
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Simplex
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Large uterine body and no uterine horns. Usually produces 1 or 2 offspring. Ex: Humans and Primates
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Uterus contains 3 tissue layers
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Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium
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Endometrium
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the innermost layer of the uterus. Functions initially by feeding uterine milk and then attaches to feed through the blood system.
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Myometrium
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Middle layer of the uterus. A muscular layer that functions to expel the fetus during parturition and causes cramps during menstruation
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Perimetrium
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The outermost layer
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Placental membranes
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Amnion, Allantois, Chorion
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Amnion
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the innermost avascular membrane around the fetus; filled with amniotic fluid
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Allantois
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Middle membrane filled with fluid. this is what breaks when the "water breaks"
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Chorion
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The outer membrane that fuses with the allantois, except at the necrotic tips. The chorion is avascular. Its nutrient supply comes from fusion with the allantois. The ends of the chorion don't fuse with the allantois, doen't recieve nutrients and become necrotic. This reduces hormonal transfer from embryo to embryo
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Placental Types
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Diffuse, cotyledonary, zonary, discoidal
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Diffuse
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Many attachment sfrom the fetus to the uterus. Ex: Pig and Horse
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Cotyledonary
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The fetus contains the cotyledon and the mother contains the caruncle. Together the cotyledon and the caruncle are called the placentome. Ex: Ruminants
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Zonary
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Contains a line of attachment. Ex: Dogs and Cats
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Discoidal
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the placenta burrows into the uterine wall. Ex: Primates and Rodents.
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Hysteri-
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Uterus
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-ism
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condition of or state of
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-ology
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Knowledge of, science of
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pheno
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appearance
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pseudo
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false
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-rrhagia
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bursting forth
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