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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Process
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Some Students Organize Information
Sensation, Selection, Organization, Interpretation |
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Object Permanence (for babies)
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-1 hiding location: can do this at 8-10 months
-2 hiding locations: A not B error, 10-12 months -Visible Displacement: 12-16 months -Invisible Displacement: ~2 years |
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Rotational Displacement
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-to track an object at a hidden location while the supporting
-2.5-3 years for children -two colors cups: put reward in black cup (which is on the left) and then spin- reward is still under black cup but it is now on the right (for 180 degree rotation) |
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Which animal(s) can do invisible displacement?
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Apes
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Looking Time (object permanence- mickey)
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expectancy violation:
-pair action with an outcome -subjects look longer for unexpected outcome -expected: mickey not on track, occluder, train passes through -impossible event: mickey on track, occluder, train passes through, WHAT?! expected and unexpected=same looking time=no object permanence **unexpected longer looking time=object permanence** |
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Looking Time, Rotational Displacement (monkeys)
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-monkeys can not act on invisible trajectories but do they understand the rotational displacement?
-longer looking times for unexpected condition |
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Object Properties: Contact
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-objects move together if and only if they touch
-expectancy violation experiment: 3-5 months --expected: object hits another object, and second rolls away --unexpected: second object rolls away before being hit by first object |
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Object Properties: Continuity
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-moving objects trace exactly one connected path over time and space
-NOT invisible displacement: something contained and carried |
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Object Properties: Cohesion
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-moving object maintains its connectedness and boundaries
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Object Properties: Solidity
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-infants: looking time- 4 months, action- >2 years
-monkeys: top shelf, bottom shelf succeed in looking time, fail at search task |
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Gravity
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-3-4.5 months: objects need support
-5-12 months: more complicated applications, balance Three Tube Task -gravity bias persists until >2 years gravity bias: -adult monkeys/dogs do not show gravity bias -immature apes show gravity bias -mature apes show less but still have difficulties |
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Features (Shape) Experiment
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circle or square passes through either a narrow or wide occluder-- may change shape when it passes through
different shape: -long looking time for narrow screen, shorter looking time for wide screen Same Shape: -shorter looking time for narrow screen -slightly longer looking time for wide screen |
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Development of Feature Binding (for infants)
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Shape- 4.5 months
Size- 4.5 months Pattern- 7.5 months Color- 11.5 months |
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Primates and feature binding
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-put black square and white circle into a box with leaves
-no change control: black square and white circle are in box -feature swap: black circle and white square are in box longer searching time for feature swap (still believe that original objects are still in there) |
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Kinds
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How experience with certain objects helps us parse the world
need to control for features when we change kind |
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Tunnel Effect
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-physical properties override featural properties
-monkey experiment: lemons/kiwis. If lemon downs behind occluder and then kiwi appears, monkeys fuse them together as one fruit and well search at the end for just the kiwi (and not the first occluder for the lemon). If there's a pause however, before the kiwi appears, then they are more likely to search for both |
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Time
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Three types:
-Circadian Rhythms (light-dark cycle) -Time of Day (subsection of cycle) -Intervals (seconds to minutes) |
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Oil Birds
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-evidence for circadian rhythms without external cues
-live deep in caves where no sunlight reaches -still emerge each night at roughly the same time |
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Circadian Rhythms (Internal Clock)
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Animals' internal clocks are not exactly 24 hours so they dift if the animal has cues about time of day
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Zeitgebers
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cues like sunlight, a meal, alarm clock, etc
can tweak the internal clock |
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Time of Day
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In addition to using circadian rhythms to decide when to be active, animals also use time of day to make more specific decisions
Experiment: warblers -four 3 hour chunks in 12 hour light period -food was available in one of the four offset rooms from central room -trained birds to eat in different rooms at different times of day -after training, food was available in all four rooms at any time -but the predisposition to specific rooms persisted -control: they prevents the bird from going to any of the rooms for a three hour period: birds still went to the room they were supposed to at that time |
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Interval Timing
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Animals, like humans, keep track of short durations (intervals)
Experiment (with rat) -wait 40 seconds after beep and then press lever to get food -not precisely 40 seconds but have a general idea -as capable as humans just slightly less precise |
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Home Range
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-space an animal patrols over a year
-used for foraging and finding mates -range in size from meters to thousands of kilometers |
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Migration
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Long range travel over months to a new nesting site
-experience with bad nesting sites -can do without experience or example -learning vs innate |
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Dead Reckoning
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-method of navigation
-path integration on the outward journey -ants don't do well when put in a new location: go same way they would have from their original food location -to do dead reckoning, need a compass |
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Sun Compass
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Way to figure out direction
-plat a straight stick in the group as vertically as possible -mark the end of the stick's shadow with a small rock/stick -after 10-15 min, revist shadow stick and mark the end of the new shadow -draw straight line between two markers- this is east-west Things animals need to know: -circadian clock (for time of day) -time of day -ephemeris function: azimuthal position of sun vs solar time -sun's elevation to see where it hits horizon Bee Experiment: -know time of day, use a fixed angle from the sun to find food at each time of day -train at 9 am -test: 6 am with no clock shift -test: 9 am + clock shifted back 3 hours -bees use 6 am angle when should be using 9 am angle later when they don't know what time it is |
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Magnetism
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correlation between anomalies in the earth's magnetism and sites where whales/turles accidently beach themselves
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Indigo Bunting
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-has to do with star location
-bird in paper funnel but can see the sky -in September/October, birds tend to face south -April/May, face north -birds change their orientation when move the north pole |
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Beacon (Method of Navigation)
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pool of water with raised platform
-beacon: black platform, easy to find -milky water, below water, harder to find -after training, test without platform: ---distal cue group: goes to wear the platform should be ---beacon group: swims around in circles |
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Geometry (method of navigation)
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Tolman Rat Maze Test
-trained rat on maze -test on novel maze where they couldn't do what they had done on training -looking for mental math, not motor programming -do pretty well with this Features vs geometry -can use features but geometry plays a role -rats and children use geometry -adults use geometry and features (language makes it easier to encode features) |
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Odometer (method of navigation)
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Bees use optic flow, ants use number of steps taken
-bees fly down striped tunnel, reward in same place, training -take away reward- see how far they fly down looking for it -narrower tunnel: searching earlier, wider tunnel: searching later -ants: normal, stilts, stumps ---take same number of steps (but go different distances depending on length of feet) |
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Number
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Is it pure?
-often correlates with other dimensions (ie- size) -study where you must ignore surface area (so surface area doesn't matter) -monkeys and humans both did similarly well -even more similar when comparing to fast humans (b/c monkeys respond much fast than humans) Is it computational? -addition and subtraction --80% on additions, 70% on subtraction Abstract? -not completely proven but seems abstract -you can use different items (two hot dogs is equal to two elephants) -not limited by sensory modality or shape |
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Signs (concepts)
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-elicit a behavior almost automatically, without concept of their cause
-male sticklebacks will attack most red things -responses to sign stimuli are not always inflexible |
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Discrimination and Generalization
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-animals can discriminate lots of features but they choose some over others based on experience
-generalization gradients are exploited by mimics -memorization and generalization are both important |
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Categorization (pigeon experiment)
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-Monet and Picasso
-learned to discriminate between Monet and Picasso -successfully paired other impressionists with Money and other cubism with Picasso -but memorization and generalization are both important -slightly worse on nonrepeated things (with pictures of categories person/flower/car/chair) |
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Functional Category
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the alarm calls and the predator vocalizations are functionally equivalent (an equivalence class)
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Relational Category
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mother-offspring categorization
-100% on new pairs -recognize each other Dominant-Subordinate -trained to label dominant in videos of aggression -tested with new videos of supplants -macaques recognize dominant-subordinate |
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Categories and Concepts (general)
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-signs (Yes but rigid)
-discrimination/generalization (yes and flexible) -perceptual categories (yes, abundant) -semantic categories (functional, relational thematic) - some animals, for some categories, sometimes |
