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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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During Ovulation
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Mature follicle ruptures through the wall of the ovary and the ovum is released into the pelvic cavity.
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Corpus Luteum
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• Remnants of follicle following ovulation
• Secretes progesterone (and estrogen) |
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Ovarian Follicle Produces
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Estrogen
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Corpus Luteum produces
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Progesterone
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Estrogen Effects
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• Formation and maintenance of reproductive organs
• Secondary Sex Characteristics: Thicker layer of fat deposited under skin (softer skin to the touch) |
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Progesterone effects
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• Promotes gestation
• Increases activity of uterine glands • Decreases contraction of uterine smooth muscle |
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Oviduct
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• Normal site of fertilization
• Overhangs, but does not physically connect to ovary |
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Fimbriae
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Distal region equipped with fimbriae: cilia lined, finger like projections
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Ectopic Pregnancy
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Implantation of fertilized egg outside of uterus
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Common site of Ectopic Pregnancy
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oviduct
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Tubal Pregnancy
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• Implantation in oviduct
• Diameter of lumen: width of 2 human hairs • Life threatening for mother |
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Uterus
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Normal site of implantation of fertilized egg
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Endometrium
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Uterine lining
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2 Regions of Endometrium
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1) Stratum Functionalis
2) Stratum Basalis |
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Stratum Functionalis
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Implantation here
Layer is lost during menstrual cycle |
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Stratum Basalis
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Inner zone
Remains intact during menstrual cycle |
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Myrometrium
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Thick smooth muscle layer
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Cervix
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Region of uterus which protects the vagina
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Vagina
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Receptacle for penis
Serves as birth canal |
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Vulva
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• Mons pubis
• Labia majora (homologous to scrotum) • Labia minora • Hymen • Clitoris (homologous to penis) |
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Hormonal Control of the Female Reproductive System
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• Puberty
• Blood levels of FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone fluctuate widely over a 28 day period. |
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During Puberty
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Hypothalamus releases hormones that target the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland then begins to release FSH and LH.
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Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is produced in
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Hypothalamus
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is produced in
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Pituitary
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is produced in
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Pituitary
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Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) effects
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Stimulates FSH and LH released by pituitary
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) effects
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Stimulates follicle maturation and estrogen secretion by follicles
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH) effects
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Stimulates progesterone secretion by corpus luteum.
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Ovarian Cycle
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• Changes occurring in ovary over 28 days
• Result of changes in FSH and LH blood levels |
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3 Stages of ovarian cycle
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Follicular, Ovulation, and Luteal
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Follicular phase occurs
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days 1 – 13
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Ovulation phase occurs
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day 14
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Luteal phase occurs
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days 15-28
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Hormone Predominating Follicular phase
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FSH
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Hormone Predominating Ovulation phase
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LH Surge
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Hormone Predominating Luteal phase
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LH
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Physiological Effects of Follicular
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FSH stimulated the development of ovarian follicles and estrogen secretion by follicles
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Physiological Effects of Ovulation
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Ovulation: release of egg by ovary
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Physiological Effects of Luteal
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LH stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum
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Uterine Cycle
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• Changes occurring in uterus over same 28 day period
• Result of changes in estrogen and progesterone blood levels |
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Three phases of Uterine Cycle
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Menstrual, Proliferative Stage, and Secretory Stage
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Menstrual stage occurs
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days 1 - 5
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Proliferative Stage occurs
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days 6 - 14
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Secretory Stage
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days 15 - 28
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Hormone Predominating Menstrual stage
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Low blood estrogen levels
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Hormone Predominating Proliferative Stage
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Rising blood estrogen levels
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Hormone Predominating Secretory Stage
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Rising blood progesterone
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Menstrual Stage effects
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The outer region of the endometrium detaches and sloughs away. This event is accompanied by a loss of blood as well as endometrial tissue
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Proliferative Stage effects
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Rising blood estrogen levels promote the proliferation (repair) of the endometrium
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Secretory Stage effects
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Rising blood progesterone levels increases the activity of endometrial glands and inhibits contraction of uterine smooth muscle
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Prior to Fertilization:
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• Egg is Surrounded by an acellular layer: zona pellucida
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Zona Pellucida
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Surrounded by corona radiata
Thin layer of follicle cells: Single cell which we all develop |
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Fertilization
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• Union of sperm and egg
• Forms a zygote (fertilized egg) |
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Steps of Fertilization
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1. Several sperm penetrate the corna radiata
2. Acrosomal enzymes of sperm digest a portion of the zona pellucid 3. Sperm binds and fuses with egg’s plasma membrane 4. Sperm nucleus enter the egg 5. Sperm nucleus and egg nucleus fuse (They combine chromosomes) |
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Main Processes of Development
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Cleavage, Growth, Morphogenesis, and Differentiation
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Cleavage
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• Early cell divisions
• Cells increase in number but not size |
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Growth
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cellular division with increase in number and size
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Morphogenesis
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the embryo begins to take shape; tissues and organs emerge
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Differentiation
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unspecialized cells develop into cells with special structures and functions
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Extraembryonic Membranes
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• Chorion
• Allantois • Yolk Sac • Amnion |
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Chorion
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Fetal contribution to the placenta
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Allantois
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Gives rise to the bladder and the blood vessels of the umbilical cord that carry blood to and from the fetus
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Yolk Sac
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Contains many blood vessels and site where blood cells first form
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Amnion
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- Secretes amniotic fluid that cushions and protects the embryo
- Surrounds the embryo and all other extrabryonic membranes |
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Stages of Development
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• Pre-embryonic development
• Embryonic development • Fetal development • Development after birth |
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Pre-embryonic development
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1st week of development after fertilization
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Embryonic development
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2nd week after fertilization until end of the 2nd month
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Fetal development
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the 3rd through the 9th months of development
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Development after birth
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stages of life including infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood
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Chromatin
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DNA + Protein
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Chromosomes
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condensed chromatin
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Types of chromosomes
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Autosomes
Sex chromosomes |
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Autosomes
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any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes
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Sex chromosomes
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– Chromosomes that determine gender of an individual
- X and Y chromosomes |
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2 Basic Cell Types
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• Somatic Cells
• Sex Cells |
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Somatic Cells
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body cells
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Sex cells
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eggs and sperm
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Males have
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one X and one Y chromosome
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Females have
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Two X sex chromosomes
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Genes
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units of instruction for producing or influencing traits
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Genotypes
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the actual genes present
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Phenotype
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the observation trait
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