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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All of the endocrine tissue from 8-9 adults would weigh? |
1kg (2.2 lbs) |
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What are some traits of the endocrine gland? |
1, Derived from epithelial tissue 2. Highly vascularized 3. Ductless gland
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Endocrine gland secretions are transported by? |
Blood |
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What are two traits of hormones? |
1. Secretions of endocrine glands 2. Produced in very small amounts. |
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What is an example of a protein hormone? |
Insulin |
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These bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane of a target cell? |
Protein Hormones |
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These do not enter cells? |
Protein hormones |
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The binding of protein hormones activates this? |
Molecules in cytoplasm (2nd messengers) |
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What are two examples of Steroid Hormones? |
1. Sex Hormones 2. Testosterone |
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This does enter the target cell? |
Steroid Hormones |
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Steroid Hormones bind with receptors in this? |
Cytoplasm |
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These turn genes on or off to bring about the desired effect? |
Steroid Hormones. |
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What are the characteristics of Negative Feedback in the regulation of hormone secretion? |
1. It is most common. 2. Output of the system turns off the original stimulus |
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What is the goal of negative feedback in hormone secretion? |
To prevent sudden and severe changes within the body. |
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How does positive feedback affect hormone secretion/regulation? |
1. Response increases the original stimulus. 2. Activity (output) is accelerated. 3. Controls infrequent events not requiring continuous adjustments. |
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What are the Major Endocrine Glands of the Human Body? |
1. Hypothalmus 2. Pituitary 3. Thyroid 4. Parathyroid 5. Adrenal Glands 6. Pancreas |
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What are two hormones of the hypothalmus? |
1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) 2. Oxytocin |
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What is the target of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)? |
Nephron |
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What is the action of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)? |
Increases water absorption from urine. Decreases water loss in urine. |
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What is the target of Oxytocin? |
Smooth muscles in the uterus. |
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What is the action of Oxytocin? |
Stimulates contraction. |
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What are the symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus? |
1. It is uncommon 2. Extreme thirst (polydipsia) 3. Large volume of urine produced (polyuria) |
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What is the cause of Diabetes Insipidus? |
Usually caused by damage to the hypothalmus or pituitary plands. ADH secretion/release is impaired. |
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What is the role of the Pituitary Gland? |
Stores and releases ADH and Oxytocin manufactured in the hypothalmus. |
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What are the hormones of the pituitary gland? |
1. Prolactin 2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)--T3 and T4 3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 5. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 6. Growth Hormone (GH) |
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What is the target of Prolactin? |
Mammary glands |
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What is the action of Prolactin? |
Milk production |
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What is the target of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone aka T3 and T4? |
Thyroid Gland |
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What is the action of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone aka T3 and T4? |
Regulates hormone secretion by the thyroid. |
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What is the target of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)? |
Adrenal Glands |
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What is the action of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)? |
Regulates hormone secretion by the adrenal glands. |
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What is the target of FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)? |
Testes/Ovaries |
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What is the target of LH (Luteinizing Hormone)? |
Testes/Ovaries |
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What is the target of Growth Hormones (GH)? |
All tissues |
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What is the action of Growth Hormones (GH)? |
Growth, differentiation, development. |
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Hyposecretion of Growth Hormones in children causes this? |
Pituitary Dwarfism |
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Someone who has an adult height of 4'10" or less is considered this? |
A dwarf |
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Growth Hormones are required for this? |
Increase in the length of long bones. |
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Excess production of Growth Hormones causes this? |
Giantism |
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Giantism occurs in children/teen before this? |
Growth plates seal |
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What the effects of Giantism? |
1. Increase in then length of long bones 2. Produces "giants" |
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Excessive production of Growth Hormones in Adults can cause this? |
Acromegaly |
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What are the effects of Acromegaly on the skeleton? |
1. After growth plates seal bones cannot increase in length but can increase in width. 2. Causes overgrowth of other tissues. 3. Furrows on face (overgrowth of connective tissue). 4. Wide feet and hands 5. Wide noses 6. Teeth are widely space with an over or underbite. |
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What are two hormones of the thyroid glands? |
1. Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) 2. Calcitonin |
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What is the target of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)? |
All cells of the body. |
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What are the actions of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)? |
1. Increase the metabolic rate of the body. 2. These hormones are required for the proper development of nervous system. |
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What is the target of calcitonin? |
Bones of the skeleton |
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What is the action of calcitonin? |
Decreases blood calcium levels. |
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Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 causes this? |
Cretinism |
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Cretinism affects this group? |
Infants/young children |
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Insufficient secretion of T3 and T4 will lead to this? |
Profound mental impairment. |
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What is a physical affect of cretinism? |
Individuals are very short in stature. |
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Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 can cause this? |
Myxedema |
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Myxedemia is considered one form of this? |
Hypothyroidism |
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BMR is lowered because of this? |
Myxedema |
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What are some problems cause by Myxedema? |
1. Unable to tolerate cold climates well (body does not produce enough heat due to lowered BMR) 2. Dry hair 3. Lethargic 4. Prone to weight gain 5. Problems with concentration. |
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"Hypersecretion" of T3 and T4 can cause this? |
Grave's disease |
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BMR is increased because of this? |
Grave's disease |
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What are some problems caused by Grave's disease? |
1. Intolerant of Heat 2. Inability to concentrate 3. Weight loss 4. Exophthalmos (eyes protrude from socket due to tissue swelling behind the eyes). 5. Development of goiters and exopthalmos. |
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What is a goiter? |
Enlarged thyroid gland. |
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These lie within the thyroid? |
Parathyroid Glands |
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These are a hormone of the parathyroid gland? |
Parathyroid Hormone. |
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What is the target of parathyroid hormones? |
The bones of the skeleton. |
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What is the action of the parathyroid hormones? |
Act to increase blood calcium levels. |
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What is Osteitis Cystic Fibrosa? |
Severe form of hyper para thyroidism |
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What are some effects of Osteitis Cystic Firbrosa? |
1. Elevated blood calcium levels. 2. Bones have a moth-eaten appearance and fracture easily. 3. Can ultimately lead to seizures and death. |
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Small glands on top of each kidney are called? |
Adrenal Glands |
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The outer region of the adrenal glands is known as? |
Cortex |
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The inner region of the adrenal glands is known as? |
Medulla |
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What are the hormones of the Adrenal Glands? |
1. Glucocorticoids (Cortex) 2. Mineralcorticoids (Cortex) 3. Adrenal Sex Hormones (Cortex) 4. Epinephrine (AKA Adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (Medulla) |
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What is an example of a glucocorticoid? |
Cortisol |
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What is an example of a mineralcorticoid? |
Aldosterone |
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What are the actions of glucocorticoids? |
1. Regulate glucose metabolism 2. Inhibits inflammatory response 3. Helps body resist stress (required for life). |
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What are the actions of mineralocorticoids? |
1. Increase sodium and reabsorption 2. Increase water reabsorption 3. Increase blood volume and pressure. |
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What are the actions of adrenal sex hormones? |
1. Limited secretion 2. Usually of no consequence. |
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What are the actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine? |
1. Enhances effects of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. Increases heart rate 3. Increases ventilation rate 4. Pupils dilate 5. Blood is shunted away from digestive organs and into skeleton system (jumping relfex) 6. Evacuate bladder 7. It takes time for these hormones to settle back down. |
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This causes Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids? |
Cushing's Syndrome |
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What are some effects of Cushing's Syndrome? |
1. Hyperglycemia 2. Hypertension (higher blood pressure) 3. Edema (swelling) 4. Muscle and Bone Damage (caused by loss of proteins) 5. Minor infections may become severe. |
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This has dual roles (endocrine and exocrine functions)? |
Pancreas |
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These are endocrine cells? |
Pancreatic Islets |
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What are the hormones of the pancreas? |
1. Glucagon (secreted by alpha cells) 2. Insulin (secreted by beta cells) |
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What is the action of glucagon? |
Acts to increase blood glucose levels. |
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What is the action of insulin? |
1. Acts to decrease blood glucose levels. 2. Stimulates uptake of glucose by cells. 3. Need it to burn energy. |
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What causes diabetes mellitus? |
Insufficient insulin production. |
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What are some effects of diabetes mellitus? |
1. Beta cells are destroyed (auto-immune) 2. Requires daily insulin supplements. |
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What are the two types of diabetes mellitus? |
1. Type I (Juvenile Onset) 2. Type II (Adult Onset) |
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What is the age range for developing Type II diabetes? |
Typically aged 45 or older but can be younger. |
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What are some effects of Type II diabetes? |
1. Decreased sensitivity to insulin on cells. 2. Maybe controlled by diet in many cases. 3. Obesity leads to insensitive insulin on cells, that is how it can affect even children. |
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What are the hallmark symptoms of untreated diabetes? |
1. Glucosuria 2. Polyurea 3. Polydipsia 4. Polyphagia |
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This is the presence of glucose in urine? |
Glucosuria |
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This is when large volumes of urine is produced? |
Polyurea |
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This causes extreme thirst? |
Polydipsia |
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This causes extreme hunger? |
Polyphagia |
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What are the organs of the male reproductive system? |
1. Gonad 2. Duct System 3. Copulatory Organ 4. Accessory Sex Glands |
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This is the site of sperm production and testosterone secretion? |
Testis (Gonad) |
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How are testis (gonads) developed? |
1. Develop in the abdominal cavity 2. Descend into scrotum during 7th month of gestation. |
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What are characteristics of the seminiferous tubules? |
1. Highly coiled 2. Located in lobules of testis 3. Sperm produced here (Spermatogenesis). |
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What is another name of sperm production? |
Spermatogenesis |
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What are the characteristics of spermatogenic cells? |
1. Line walls of tubules 2. Divide and form sperm a. Spermatogonia b. Primary spermatocyte c. Secondary spermatocyte d. Spermatids e. Sperm |
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What are the characteristics of sertoli cells? |
1. Form blood-testis barrier 2. Provide nourishment to sperm and spermatogenic cells. |
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These secrete testosterone? |
Interstitial (Leydig) Cells |
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Testosterone is required for this? |
Development/maintenance of reproductive organs |
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What are the secondary sex characteristics of testosterone? |
1. Vocal chords thicken (vibrate slowly-deeper voice) 2. Increase in skeletal muscle mass 3. Increase in bone density 4. Pattern and distribution of body hair. |
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How many people are diagnosed with testicular cancer each year? |
8,000 (390 die) |
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What percentage of testicular cancer cases is Germ Cell Carcinomas? |
Over 90% |
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What are the two main types of testicular cancer? |
1. Seminoma (Grow slowly, rarely metastisize) 2. Nonseminoma: Normally occur at an early age, Grow more aggressively. |
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What are stromal cell tumors? |
1. Arise from the stroma 2. Hormone producing tissue of the testicles. |
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What are the two main types of stromal cell tumors? |
1. Leydig cell tumors: Rarely metastasize 2. Sertioli cell tumors: Rarely metastasize |
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At what age does testicular cancer most often occur? |
Ages 15-40 |
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What race is at the greatest risk for testicular cancer? |
Caucasians more so than Asians or African Americans |
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What are the risk factors for testicular cancer? |
1. Age 2. Caucasians 3. Family history 4. Personal history 5. Occupation (higher risk) a. Miners, oil/gas workers, janitors, & utility workers b. Due to exposure to certain chemicals. |
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What are the symptoms of testicular cancer? |
1. Heaviness/aching in the lower back or scrotum 2. Breast tenderness or growth 3. Fluid accumulation in the scrotum |
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What makes up the Male duct system? |
1. Epididymis 2. Vans Deferens 3. Ejaculatory Duct 4. Urethra |
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What is the epididymis? |
Comma-shaped organ that is attached to the testis. Sperm mature here and defective sperm are removed. |
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What percentage of sperm is considered defective? |
20% |
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What causes sperm to be considered defective? |
1. 2 tails 2. Fails to develop ability to swim. |
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What is the role of the Vans Deferens? |
Transports sperm during ejaculation. |
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What is the role of the ejaculatory duct? |
1. Formed by the vans deferens and duct of the seminal vesicle. 2. Transports sperm during ejaculation. |
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What is the Urethra? |
1. In urinary system: conducts urine 2. In reproductive system: conducts sperm 3. Valve at the base of the bladder that prevents urine from entering urethra during ejaculation |
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This is lethal to sperm? |
The acidity in urine. |
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What is the Penis? |
1. Copulatory organ 2. Contains 3 columns of erectile tissue 3. Urethra passes through C. spongiosum |
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What is erectile tissue? |
1. Tissue with irregular, large spaces. 2. Fill with blood during sexual excitation. |
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What are the two types of erectile tissue? |
1. Corpus spongiosum 2. Corpora Cavernosa |
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What are the characteristics of the male accessory sex glands? |
1. Adds secretions to the male duct system. 2. Sperm does not pass through these glands. |
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What are the three male accessory sex glands? |
1. Seminal Vesicles 2. Prostate 3. Cowper's Glands |
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What is the role of the seminal vesicles? |
1. Secretion of protaglandins (smooth muscle contraction in female reproductive tract). 2. Fructose (sugar) acts as a nourishment to sperm. 3. Acts as a lubricant. |
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What is the role of the prostate? |
Secretion of basic ph: neutralizes acid Ph of Vagina and serves as lubrication. |
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What is the role of Cowper's glands? |
Secretion Passes through urethra before sperm Removes urine traces Lubrication |
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This happens at puberty? |
The hypothalmus releases hormones that target the pituitary gland then releases FSH and LH that target gonads. |
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What are the hormones of the male reproductive system? |
1. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) 2. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 3. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 4. Inhibin |
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What is the site of production for Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone? |
Hypothalmus |
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What are the physiological effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone? |
Release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland. |
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Where is the site of production for follicle stimulating hormones? |
Anterior Pituitary |
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What are the physiological effects of follicle stimulating hormones? |
Initiates sperm production in seminiferous tubules. |
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What is the site of production in luteinizing hormones? |
Anterior Pituitary |
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What are the physiological effects of luteinizing hormones? |
Stimulates testosterone secretion by leydig cells. |
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What is the site of production for inhibin? |
Sertoli Cells |
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What are the physiological effects of inhibin? |
Inhibites follicle stimulating hormone production.
Helps regulate sperm production. |
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After puberty these remain fairly constant in males? |
Blood levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone. |
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What are the structures of the female reproductive system? |
1. Ovary (female gonads) 2. Oviduct (fallopian tube) 3. Uterus 4. Vagina 5. Vulva |
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What is the role of the Ovary? |
Ova (egg) production. Hormone secretion of estrogen and progesterone. |
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What is Oogenesis? |
Egg production. |
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How many ova per ovary are present at menarche (1st menstrual cycle)? |
400,000 |
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What are ovarian follicles? |
Ova and surrounding cells (follicular cells). They are in varying stages of maturation and secrete estrogen and progesterone. |
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What is ovulation? |
Mature follicles rupture through the wall of the ovary and Ovum is release into the pelvic cavity. |
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What is corpus luteum? |
Remnants of follicle following ovulation. Endocrine structure. Secretes progesterone and estrogen. |
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What are the hormones of the Ovary? |
1. Estrogen 2. Progesterone |
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What is the site of production for Estrogen? |
Ovarian Follicle |
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What are the physiological effects of the production of estrogen? |
1. Formation and maintenance of reproductive organs. 2. Produce a thicker layers of skin (fat deposited under the skin leading to softer skin to the touch). |
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What is the site of production for Progesterone? |
Corpus Luteum |
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What are the physiological effects of Progesterone production? |
1. Promotes gestation (aka maintains pregnancy) 2. Increases activity of uterine glands. 3. Decreases contraction of uterine smooth muscle. |
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What is the Oviduct? |
1. Normal site of fertilization 2. Overhangs, but does not physically connect to the ovary. |
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What is the Fimbriae? |
Distal region equipped with cillia lined, finger-like projections. |
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What is an Ectopic Pregnancy? |
Implantation of fertilized egg outside of the uterus. The common site is the oviduct. |
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What is a tubal pregnancy? |
Implantation in the oviduct. The diameter of lumen is the width of 2 human hairs, therefore making it life threatening for the mother. Can lead to rupturing of the oviduct. |
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What is the role of the Uterus? |
Normal site of implantation of a fertilized egg. |
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What are the layers of the Uterus? |
1. Endometrium 2. Myometrium 3. Cervix
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What is the Endometrium? |
Uterine lining consisting of 2 regions: 1. Stratum Functionalis 2. Stratum Basalis |
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What is the role of the Stratum Functionalis? |
Implantation of egg occurs here. This layer is lost during menstrual cycle. |
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What is the role of the Stratum Basalis? |
Inner zone that remains intact during menstrual cycle. |
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What is the role of the myometrium? |
Thick smooth muscle layer beneath the endometrium. |
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What is the role of the cervix? |
Region of the uterus which projects into the vagina. |
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What is the role of the Vagina? |
1. Receptacle for the penis. 2. Serves as the birth canal. |
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The Vulva contains these? |
1. Mons pubis 2. Labia Majora (homologous to scrotum) 3. Labia Minora 4. Hymen (delicate membrane) 5. Clitoris (homologous to penis) |
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This happens to the female reproductive system during puberty? |
Hypothalmus targets the pituitary gland that releases FSH and LH. |
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Blood levels of this fluctuate widely over a 28 day period on average? |
FSH, LH, Estrogen and Progesterone. |
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What are the hormones of the female reproductive system? |
1. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) 2. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 3. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
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What is the site of production for Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone in the female repoductive system? |
Hypothalmus |
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What are the physiological effects of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone on the female repoductive system? |
Stiumlates FSH and LH release by the pituitary gland. |
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What is the site of production of follicle stimulating hormones in the female reproductive system? |
Anterior Pituitary |
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What are the physiological effects of follicle stimulating hormones in the female reproductive system? |
Stimulates follicle maturation and estrogen/progesterone secretion by follicles. |
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What is the site of production for Luteinizing Hormones in the Female Reproductive System? |
Anterior Pituitary |
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What are the physiological effect for Luteinizing Hormones in the Female Reproductive System? |
Stimulates progesterone and estrogen secretion by corpus luteum. |
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What is the Ovarian Cycle? |
Changes occurring in the ovary over a 28 day period. Result of changes in FSH and LH blood levels. |
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What are the three phases of the Ovarian Cycle? |
1. Follicular (Day 1-13) 2. Ovulation (Day 14) 3. Luteal (Day 15-28) |
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What is the predominating hormone and physiological effects of the Follicular stage during the ovarian cycle? |
FSH. FSH stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and estrogen secretion (and progesterone) by follicles. |
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What is the predominating hormone and physiological effects of the Ovulation stage during the ovarian cycle? |
LH Surge. Ovulation results in the release of the egg by the ovary. |
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What is the predominating hormone and physiological effects of the Luteal stage during the ovarian cycle? |
LH. LH stimulates secretion of progesterone and estrogen by the corpus luteum. |
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What is the Uterine Cycle? |
Changes occurring in the uterus over same 28 day period as the ovarian cycle. Results in changes in Estrogen and Progesterone blood levels. |
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What are the three phases of the Uterine Cycle? |
1. Menstrual (Days 1-5) 2. Proliferative Stage (Days 6-13) 3. Secretory Stage (Days 15-28) |
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What is the predominating hormone and physiological effects of the menstrual phase during the uterine cycle? |
Low blood estrogen levels. The outer regions of the endometrium detaches and sloughs away. This even ti s accompanied by a loss of blood as well as endometrial tissue. |
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What is the predominating hormone and physiological effects of the proliferative stage phase during the uterine cycle? |
Rising blood estrogen levels. These rising levels promote the proliferation (repair) of the endometrium. |
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What is the predominating hormone and physiological effects of the secretory stage phase during the uterine cycle? |
Rising blood progesterone. These levels increase activity of endometrial glands and inhibits contraction of uterine smooth muscle. |
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What genes are inherited from each parent? |
2 total 1. 1 from the father in the form of sperm 2. 1 from the mother in the form of an egg |
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When does Homozygous occur? |
When both genes have the same form of a trait. Ex: If mother has blue eyes and father has blue eyes child will have blue eyes. |
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When does Heterozygous occur? |
When both genes code for different forms of the same trait. Ex: If mother has blue eyes and the father has brown eyes. |
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Human have around how many genes? |
30,000 |
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Each somatic cell contains? |
2 meters of DNA. |
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How much DNA is in the human body? |
100 Trillion Meters. Enough to go from the Earth to the Sun and back for than 300 times. Enough to go around the Earth's equator 2.5 million times. |
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What is Chromatin? |
DNA plus Protein |
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What is DNA |
Genetic Material |
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What are chromosomes? |
Condensed chromatin. |
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What are the two types of chromosomes? |
1. Automsomes 2. Sex Chromosomes |
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What are autosomes? |
Any chromosome other than sex chromosomes. |
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What are sex chromosomes? |
Chromosomes that determine the gender of an individual. 23rd pair of chromosomes: XY for Male and XX for Female. |
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How many chromosomes are in Somatic cells? |
46 (44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes) |
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How many chromosomes are in sex cells? |
23 (22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome) |
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What are the two basic cell types? |
1. Somatic Cells (body cells) 2. Sex Sells (Egg and Sperm) |
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What is considered the default sex? |
Females. Males determine gender. |
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What is the Testis Determining Factor (TDF)? |
Targets early gonads which are sexually indifferent. It is responsible for early gonads becoming testis. |
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What are sex linked traits? |
Traits coded by genes on the sex chromosome. Designated as either X linked or Y linked. |
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What are genes? |
Units of instruction for producing or influencing traits. |
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What are genotypes? |
The actual genes present. |
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What are Phenotypes? |
The observable traits. |
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What are Y linked traits? |
Very few exist. They are genes on the Y chromosome concerned with gender determination primarily. They are only expressed in males. |
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What are X linked traits? |
Traits coded by genes on the X sex chromosome. Most sex-linked traits are X linked. |
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What is an X linked recessive trait? |
Red-green colorblindness. Males are most likely to express x linked recessive traits than females. |
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What is an example of an x linked dominant trait? |
Faulty tooth enamel. |
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What causes changes in chromosome number? |
Normal development depends on the presence of exactly 2 of each type of chromosome. Abnormal numbers of chromosomes leads to abnormalities. |
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What is chromosomal non-disjunction? |
Erros made during spermatogenesis or oogenesis. Eggs and sperm form w/ abnormal numbers of chromosomes. |
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What is aneuploidy? |
When offspring inherit 1 additional chromosome or are missing 1 chromosome (45 or 47 for humans). |
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What are the types of aneuploidy? |
1. Monsomy (individuals are missing one chromosome) 2. Trisomy (individuals inherit 1 extra chromosome. |
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What is an example of Monosomy? |
Turner Syndrome (typically fataL0 |
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What are the types of Trisomy? |
1. Down Syndrome 2. Klinefelter Syndrome 3. Jacobs Syndrome 4. Triple X Syndrome. |
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What is Turner Syndrome? |
Involves sex chromosomes (XO). O represents the missing sex chromosome. Genotypically occurs in females leaving them sterile with learning disabilities, a shorter life expectancy, widely spaced nipples, and a webbed neck. |
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What is Down Syndrome? |
Trisomy 21. Extra copy of chromosome 21 (3 instead of 2). Involves autosomes. Results in mental retardation, heart problems, a shorter life expectancy, prone to leukemia and heart disease, poor muscle tone and shorter in stature. |
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Chances of a child being born with down syndrome increase with this group? |
Older mothers. At age 20 there is a 1 in 2,300 change at 47 there is a 1 in 46 chance! |
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What is Klinefelter Syndrome? |
Involves sex chromosomes. Genotypically occurs in males. An extra X sex chromosome (XXY). Leaves males sterile with testes being 1/3 or normal size. Results in learning disabilities, breast development, and a tendency to be tall. |
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What is Jacobs Syndrome? |
Involves sex chromosomes. Genotypically occurs in males. Results in a extra Y chromosomes (XYY). Can result in being tall and some have learning disabilities. Most function normally in society. |
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What is triple X syndrome? |
Involves sex chromosomes. Leads to what is known as super females (XXX) They are often tall, thin, and have menstrual problems. |
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What is Polyploidy? |
Offspring inherit multiple copies of all parental chromosomes. In humans this is not compatible with life but is common in plants. Polyploid plants are sterile and therefore produce no seeds. This leads to seedless watermelons, grapes, etc. |
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What is complete androgen insensitivity syndrome? |
Has Y chromosomes with SRY genes present. Male sex characteristics never developed. Non functioning testes with female genitalia. Characterized as a female. More to gender termination than X/Y chromosomes. |
