Animal Behavior Test 2. Behavioral Ecology

Front 1

Facultative behavior
example

Back 1

Different conditions provides flexibility

Kruuk observed Serengeti hyenea populations showed that when bigger prey is available, the hyenas are capable of changing social dynamic in order to consume the bigger prey.

Front 2

The Gelada and Hamadryas are phylogenetically neighbors

Back 2

False. There are 2 different genera of old worldprimates. They are not that close- separate genus .

Front 3

What is similar and different about Hamadryas and Gelada?

Back 3

1. There are 2 different genera of old worldprimates. They are not phlyogeneticall close close- separate genus .
Hamadryas: Males will monopolize full time a small group of females and denies them the freedom of interacting with different males

The Gelada:



2. They live in mountain areas. Because they have been exposed to the same types of environments--there social grouping patterns have converged.
Sleep in large groups in night- kids play.
They both experience social flexibility because the food is not so abundant to allow for the primates to scavenge in large groups-- so during the day(or night, ask amdanda) they break off

Front 4

Why did Harcourt and Harvey determine there is a correlation between body weight and text size?

Back 4

1. There is selective pressure in species where sexual competition is large. In primate species where 1 male mateswitha group of females.. bigger testes is more important with bigger body.

Multiple males vying for access to females: sperm competition

Front 5

How does comparative approach address brain size among cetaceans?

Back 5

Some species of whales have brains size that is less than than predicted of other Cetaceans-- why would that be compared to dolphin trends?

Makes us think about different behavior tecchnique-- consumption. Whales simply open the mouths and eat krill-- while dolphins need to flee and beach themselves to attack prey.

Front 6

Dorsal stripe morphology as an adaptation to predation in T. Cristinae walking stick species.

Back 6

Two morphes of T.Cristinae on their respective host plants
a. Stripeless
b. Striped

1. Experimental: molecular and genetic analysis creates a phylogeny.

Front 7

What was the result of the T.Cristinae walking species?

Back 7

11 species feed on needlike plant-- and 7

Trend thatthey develop dorsal stripes if they feed on needle like leaves.
Evolutionary advantageous
Striped individuals: stay on needle like leaves
Stripeless: stay on broad like leaves.

Front 8

How many independent times have the stripe characteristic evolved in T. Cristinae?

Back 8

6/21 developed the stripes without a common ancestor.

Front 9

What is the Predictive method?

Back 9

setting up hypothesis derived from evolutionary theory and then testing them with behavioral data from extant species.

Natural selection should, over time, make animals efficient at tasks critical to sruvival and reproduction. " optimality moedles" of behavior.

More efficient to take a straight line then a convulted line-- you would predict that more efficient mutations would arise that would increase access to specific trait.

Front 10

What did Crow and Whelks prove?

Back 10

Whelks concluded the crows drop shell to open the hard shell of mollusk. The birds act optimally- i.e they drop the shell at the proper heights to waste as little energy in possible and get the most meat from the shell.

After 5 meters, there is a diminishing return-- going up higher will not get more meat out.

Front 11

when author of our textbook says this is "adaptive behavior" what does that mean? or "programmed"?

Back 11

It means that if it is adaptable-- then there must be genes involved.

In terms of the crows-- what if it's simply a learned behavior?

Front 12

What is the graphical solution of starlingsforaging? The " marginal value theorem"

Back 12

The increase of items becomes less after a certain threshold. Basically it increases exponentially before it plateaus.

The curve of diminishing returns
rate: Food items per unit of time

Front 13

How did researches discover the threshold at which the crows will not return to the artificial source of worm food>

Back 13

Reducing travel time:by placing the worm device closer to the nest, they will spend ____ more or less time at the nest.

The worm

Front 14

In regards to Dungfly copulation, what is the issue with mating?

Back 14

If the 2 males mate with a female, there is an 80% chance that the second male's sperm will produce offspring.
Therefore, the dung fly will hang with the female until she lays her eggs.

Front 15

How do male Dungfly's have flexibility in how long he must guard her for?

Back 15

1. Copulation time,
2. The longer the male copulates with female is same as(proportion of eggs fertilized)--however, there is also a threshold. The percentage of eggs fertilized can only reach 100% which occur at 41 minutes. However, the dungflys only mate for 36 minutes.

Front 16

What type of behavior does the AFrican Gold Winged sunbird page 132 exhibit?

Back 16

Faculative behavior in the african gold winged bird-There are not territorial at different times.


At some points of the day: nectar abundace is so great, that it doesn't matter if other birds use the nectar

At other points of the day : nectar abundacne is so minimal that the energy used to defend the flowers is greater than the energy the flower provides.

Front 17

How did kettlewell study the crypsis in moths?

Back 17

Crypsis: the camousflage or protective appearance of an animal.
Kettlewell " tested the adaptive value of the crypsis through experimentation"

Front 18

2 Different opinions of the behavioral ecology of moth color?

Back 18

1. Kettlewell- said there was selective pressure to be darker when pollution increased during the industrial revolution causing the trees to be darker as well.

Wells in "of moths and men"' freeze dried moths on trees and saw that more light moths survived that dark moths.

Flaw? wells did not pin the moths to hidden places in the trees-- he did not efficiently study moth behavior. When the moths were pinned in hidden spots-- the lighter moths did not survive as well

Front 19

how did darwin study finches?

Back 19

darwin studied finches with the comparative approach by comparing the different species of finch on the different islands in the gallapagos

Front 20

Explain how bills gained a variety of shapes in the medium sized ground finch?

Back 20

1. Bigger bill harvested seeds more efficiently and when they arrived on daphne island-- the small billed finches did not even compete with the bigger bills-- stayed eating small seeds.
2. Draught in 2003 selected for small bills because only cactus plant (small seed producing) survived.

Front 21

Mobbing

Back 21

mobbing behavior gives insight to phylogeny because it evolved independtly in 2 different species that nest in heavily predated environments.
after field experiements and the comparative method
behavior response to dealing predators

Front 22

What approach did _____ take when studying weaver birds in Africa?

Back 22

Crook took the comparative approach when comparing different species of waver birds in africa?

Front 23

What was the hypothesised primary factor explain why weaver birds species had such a wide array of behaviors?

Back 23

Food abundance and distribution is the drying force and the main selective pressure that determines weaver bird behavior

Front 24

What were the 2 groups that Crook divided the weaver birds into?

Back 24

Group 1: forest, insectivorous, solitary nests, feed alone in large territories, drab color, monogomous= insects are localy abundant so there is a need to claim territory and cooperate with made to find food and have drab color to avoid predation

Group 2: savannah-- sead eaters-nest in colonies-- feed in flocks--- males brightly colored-- polygamous

Front 25

What are the general patterns of jarmans african ungulate groups

Back 25

bodyweight-- increases
habitat: forest- open grassland
Diet- selective browsing for fruit and buds--- unselected grazing
reproductive unit-- monogamous-- male dominance hierarchy
anti-predator behavior: hiding-- defending

Front 26

is there overlap in the african ungulates?

Back 26

yes-- they all eat different parts of the acacia tree- the elephants eat and bend top branches- and ungulates eat the part that has thorns because they can avoid them

Front 27

ungluates that rely on hard to digest plants have _____ body zie.

Back 27

they have larger total body size- gut zsize is an important component to the efficient digestion of foliage

Front 28

What happens to serengeti hyena behavior when there is an abundance/ minimal amount of prey?

Back 28

Abunance- the serengeti hyiena will form social groups and hunt.

Normally however the are scavengers and solitary and nomatic

Front 29

when do baboons move together and seperatley?

Back 29

baboons move together when there is no copetition, at night when they are night hunting or foraging

when baboons are hunting/competing they work in small groups

Front 30

t/f correlation between body wight and brain weight among cetaceans

Back 30

true

Front 31

example of predictive ethod?

Back 31

crows and whels-- redict that there is a programmed height to where the crows subconciously realize that energy expenditure will surpass energy gained

Front 32

When should starlings stop collecting food insect prey? How many times a day do they do this?

Back 32

They forage 400 x idea-- accortaing to the optimality model- the starling should folow the marginal vallue theorm, and stop searching when further effort yeilds less gain.

Front 33

How did kacelnik test foraging behavior in starlings? This shows the birds a capable of ____ ___

Back 33

they used a dlivery service/ conveyor belt and the brid picks up the food when it comes by on th ebelt until the time interval betwee. the food peice becomes to great.

This shows the starlings are capable of faculitve behavior. the bird will modify its behavior compared in relation to travel time

Front 34

dungfly mating represents what concept

Back 34

marginal value therom and optimality model-- ideally the dungfly should copulate for 41 minutes inorder to ensure the greatest chance of offspring formation.
Natural selection should have selected optimally

Front 35

what are the critiques of the dungfly copulation time optimal model

Back 35

- there are 5 mintues unaccounted for, and that correspondence is not a ligitmate way to demonstrate scientific facts.

response was that it was an average

Front 36

2 advantages to the optimality models

Back 36

generate testable quantitative predictions ( not descriptive)
assumptions need to be made explicit--- optimization " time to optimize the rate of food delivery) must be specific

Front 37

3 disadvantages to the optimality models

Back 37

What if the behavior does not fit prediction ( 5 minute breeding time difference in dung bettles)
What if animals ar enot optimally adapted ( environmetnal gentc, insufficient genetic variation)
Good enough vs. optial ( evolution doe not act for the " ideal " behavior)
assumptions of genes for the behavior
constraints on optimality- different behavior can be more efficient in different environments and under different circumstances-- . ex . the junco ( sometimes they forage head down, sometimes they hae to look for predators)