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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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priapism in horses & cattle
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ACP
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don't use in patients when vomiting is C/I
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Morphine
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decreases PCV & platelets so C/I in anemic animals
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ACP
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anti-arrhythmic
anti-emetic |
ACP
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rapid decrease in body temp d/t peripheral vasodilation
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ACP
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spasmolytic ax so good for colics
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pethedine/meperidine
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cummulative so be careful when using in patients with compromised hepatic fxn or hepatic BF
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morphine
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Which 3 opioids are good for SEVERE pain?
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morphine
methadone fentanyl |
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What opioid causes box walking in horses requiring them to be isolated?
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butorphanol
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Which 2 opioids are used in neuroleptanalgesia for rads?
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buprenorphine
butorphenol |
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Which opioid has a lag time until effective concentrations are reached?
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fentanyl
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What is the opioid antagonist that reverses all but buprenorphine?
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naloxone
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Which alpha 2 should not be used in cattle in the last trimester b/c it can cz abortion?
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xylazine
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Which alpha 2's are good for visceral analgesia?
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xylazine
medetomidine |
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Which alpha 2's are mainly used only in horses?
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detomidine
romfidine |
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Which alpha 2 would you use if you didn't want an ataxic horse?
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romfidine
"steady horses" |
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Which alpha 2 has the longest DOA of these 3?
xylazine detomidine romfidine |
romfidine
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Which class of drugs can lead to heavily sedated animals kicking/biting or explosive wake up?
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alpha 2's in horses
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What does atipamezole reverse?
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medetomidine & xylazine
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Which alpha 2 causes the most pronounced ataxia?
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detomidine
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What should be combined with Yohimbine to reverse Xylazine?
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4-aminopyrodine
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What does Flumazil reverse?
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benzo's:
diazepam midazolam |
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What class of drugs can cz dysphoria (hint: it's not opioids)?
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benzo's
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Where are benzo's metabolized?
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liver
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Which class of drugs is not recommended for use as pre-anesthetic med in dogs, cats, ruminants & horses?
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anticholinergerics/antimuscarinics:
atropine glycopyrrolate |
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Which anticholinergerics/antimuscarinic can cross the BBB & placenta?
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atropine can
glycopyrrolate can NOT |
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Which drug is good for rabbits b/c the other drug in it's class has limited DOA in this spp?
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glycopyrrolate
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Which drug counteracts the hypersalivation caused by Ketamine?
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atropine
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Which drug should not be used in ruminants & horses?
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atropine
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Which class of drugs is indicated for pocket pets to maintain CO & decrease salivation?
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anticholinergerics/antimuscarinics:
atropine glycopyrrolate |
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Which drug can cause behavioral disturbances such as rage, agression, dysphoria (esp in older dogs) after use?
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droperidol
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Which short acting tranquilzer used in pigs may fail to work if the pig is not left undisturbed for 20 minutes?
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Azaperone (Stresnil)
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Which anticholinergerics/antimuscarinic causes pupil changes?
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atropine - pupil dilation
glycopyrrolate - no effect on pupil |
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Which class of drugs is rapidly metabolized by liver but can also have extrahepatic metabolism (renal, SI, lung)when clearance exceeds hepatic BF?
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steroids:
propofol alfaxalone |
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Which drug do horses metabolize quickly - rapidly stand up with no ataxia?
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ketamine
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Which class of drugs causes rough induction & recovery in horses so she be combined with guafenesin?
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barbiturates:
thiopental/thiopentone |
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What is the pH of Thiopentone?
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10.5 - highly alkaline
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Which injectable drug can cause laryngospasm?
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thiopental
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Which injectable should not be used for C-sections b/c it can depress fetal respiration?
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thiopental
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Which injectable drug does NOT block autonomic responses to noxious stimuli?
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thiopental
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Which injectable drug causes a decrease in BP but HR remains stable?
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propofol
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Which drug can give the patient the "shakes"?
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propofol "shakes"
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Which drug does NOT contain any preservatives so is a great medium for bacterial growth so must be discarded a/f 14 hrs?
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propofol
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Which drug can cause lethal pulmonary edema in cats?
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alfaxalone
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Which drug should be injected SLOWLY (over 35-40 sec) to prevent apnea?
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alfaxalone
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Which drug is rapidly metabolized by liver and it's metabolites are excreted in bile?
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alfaxalone
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Which drug causes nystagmus (rapid, invol movement of both eyeballs) in horses?
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xylazine
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Which 2 injectables cause splenic engorgement d/t splenic sequestration (engorgement)?
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thiopental
propofol |
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Which drug causes corneal dessication (eyeballs remain open)so eye gel must be used?
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ketamine
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What is the only induction agent with analgesic effects?
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ketamine
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Which drug can cause convulsions in dogs and horses if used alone?
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ketamine
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Which drug is a NMDA antagonist that inhibits excitatory neurotransmitters including dopamine & norepi?
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ketamine
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Which drug causes an increase in muscle tone leading to rigidity if used alone?
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ketamine
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Why can tiletamine/zolazepam lead to prolonged, violent, noisy recovery in dogs?
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b/c zolazepam wears off before tiletamine
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What type of analgesia does xylazine & tiletamine/zolazepam cause?
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somatic
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Which drug causes adrenal suppression & vomiting?
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etomidate
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Which drug causes decreased cerebral BF with normal arterial BP?
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etomidate
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What is a potential side effect during recovery from etomidate?
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twitching
muscle spasms violent recovery |
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Which drug is most commonly used in aggressive dogs, feral cats, horses, pigs & exotics?
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tiletamine/zolazepam
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What can cause malignant hyperthermia in pigs?
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inherited disorder triggered by stress & all volatile agents (esp halothane & iso)
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What is the tx for malignant hyperthermia in pigs?
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dantrolene Na + symptomatic supportive care
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Which drug should not be used alone in pigs b/c causes poor muscle relaxation, hypersalivation & the recovery can be rough & prolonged?
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ketamine
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Which drug prevents fighting & anxiety in newly mixed pigs?
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azaperone
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Which drug is NOT routinely used for pig anesthesia b/c it causes tachycardia?
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glycopyrrolate
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Why are pigs easy to give epidural anesthesia to?
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very "open" epidural space - L6
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What is the tx for malignant hyperthermia in pigs?
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dantrolene Na + symptomatic supportive care
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Which drug should not be used alone in pigs b/c causes poor muscle relaxation, hypersalivation & the recovery can be rough & prolonged?
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ketamine
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Which drug prevents fighting & anxiety in newly mixed pigs?
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azaperone
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Which drug is NOT routinely used for pig anesthesia b/c it causes tachycardia?
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glycopyrrolate
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Why are pigs easy to give epidural anesthesia to?
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very "open" epidural space - L6
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Which drug can NOT be used solely for maintenance of anesthesia b/c pigs metabolize it rapidly?
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propofol
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What drugs compose the "triple drip" given to maintain GA in pigs?
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guafenesin
ketamine xylazine |
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What drug is given as intranasal spray for effective sedation in pot bellied pigs?
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midazolam
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A capnograph baseline should be ZERO but if it's not then it means the patient is rebreathing CO2. What could be the causes?
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exhausted soda lime
insufficient FGF |
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What percent saturation reading is not OK when interpreting the pulse oximeter machine?
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90-01 not OK
<90 bad |
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What are the 2 arterial BP rules of thumb?
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1 - if you can palpate a femoral pulse then systolic BP is 80 mmHg
2 - if patient is producing urine then the kidneys are perfused so MAP > 60 mmHg |
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With which type of capnograph is there a delay "time lag" in the analysis?
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sidestream
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Which supplementary analgesic agent that has the properties of an opioid like morphine but with less decreased resp & constipation?
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tramadol
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Define allodynia.
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pain response to non-noxious stimuli
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Which supplementary analgesic agent is an anti-epileptic used to tx neuropathic pain & non-nociceptive pain syndromes?
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gabapentin
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What do cats have slow clearance & dose-dep elim if NSAIDs (hint: why do they have a problem with most drugs)?
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deficient in glucuronidation EZs
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Name 4 main side effects of NSAIDs?
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GI ulceration
nephrotoxicity depresssed platelet aggregation plasma protein binding |
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What are the main C/I for NSAID use?
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- concurrent corticosteroid medication
- hypotension or hypovolemia - GI ulceration or vomiting - renal dysfunction - coagulopathy |
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For how long can a freshly prepared bottle of thiopentone be stored?
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Once in solution it is stabe for 7 days
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What is the speed of onset of thiopentone? By which routes can it be administered?
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Rapid onset <30seconds, IV only irritant if administered perivascularly
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9. What is the principal mechanism of recovery from induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone?
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Recovery of consciousness is due to redistribution. Highly perfused relatively low volume tissues such as the brain equilibrate rapidly then decrease rapidly as thiopental redistribures to the large reservoir of less well perfused lean tissue such as muscle. Redistribution is rapid BUT eliminated is very slow
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How is thiopentone eliminated from the body and what is the rate of elimination?
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hepatic metabolism and excreation of metabolites in the urine
elimination half life is 12hrs in norm healthy dog |
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Can anesthesia be maintained using thiopentone (i.e. used for TIVA anesthesia)?
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repeated doses of thiopental result in accumulation & prolonged recovery
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In which dog breeds should thiopentone be avoided?
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sight hounds
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What is the principal mechanism of recovery from induction of anaesthesia with propofol?
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rapid redistribution
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Can anesthesia be maintained using propofol (i.e. used for total intravenous anesthesia)?
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YES, non-cummulative so may be used as CRI
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Name the solvent in which alfaxalone is supplied (in ist new formulation, Alfaxan CD).
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Cyclodextrin (non toxic does not stimulate histamine release)
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Can anesthesia be maintained using alfaxalone (i.e. used for TIVA)?
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YES, no accummulation
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How is ketamine eliminated from the body and what is the rate of elimination?
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-Dog: 60% hepatic metabolism remainder renal
-Cat: majority is excreted unchanged through kidneys both species metabolites excreted via kidneys |
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What is "dissociative anesthesia" and how does it differ from general anesthesia induced using other agents?
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Animals feel dissociated from their surroundings, induce a state of caralepsy where patients will keep their eyes open and maintain palprebral, swallow and cough reflexes
In general anaesthesia these reflexes are lost |
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Can anesthesia be maintained using propofol (i.e. used for total intravenous anesthesia)?
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YES, non-cummulative so may be used as CRI
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Name the solvent in which alfaxalone is supplied (in ist new formulation, Alfaxan CD).
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Cyclodextrin (non toxic does not stimulate histamine release)
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Can anesthesia be maintained using alfaxalone (i.e. used for TIVA)?
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YES, no accummulation
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How is ketamine eliminated from the body and what is the rate of elimination?
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-Dog: 60% hepatic metabolism remainder renal
-Cat: majority is excreted unchanged through kidneys both species metabolites excreted via kidneys |
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What is "dissociative anesthesia" and how does it differ from general anesthesia induced using other agents?
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Animals feel dissociated from their surroundings, induce a state of caralepsy where patients will keep their eyes open and maintain palprebral, swallow and cough reflexes
In general anaesthesia these reflexes are lost |
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What is the "emergence phenomena" associated with ketamine anesthesia?
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excitement, euphoria, confusion & fear
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Why is ketamine a bad choice for use in patients with head trauma or patients requiring ocular surgery?
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increases IOP & ICP
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By which routes can Telazol be administered?
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IV or IM
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How do the cardiovascular & resp effects of etomidate differ from those of other injectable anesthetic agents?
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-in contrast to other anaesthetic agents, etomidate has minimal resp & cardio depressant effects
minimal effect on sympathetic nervous system & barareceptor fxn |
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When is etomidate particularly indicated in veterinary anesthesia?
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when cerebral protection in animals with brain dz or injury is needed
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What are the advantages of using opioids over other analgesic drugs?
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- profound drug & dose-dep analgesia
- anesthetic sparing effect - if ventilation is restricted by pain, then opioids will have positive ventilatory effects - adverse effects can be antagonized |
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Of all the opioids which 2 are only partial agonists?
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buprenorphine
butorphenol |
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In addition to systemic delivery how else can opioids be administered and provide highly effective analgesia?
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extradural injection
intra-articular injection |
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Which are best opioids for less painful precedures & less severe soft tissue injury?
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buprenorphine
pethidine/meperidine |
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Which drug is esp recommended for mgt of pain assoc w/burn wounds & phantom limb pain, spinal injury & thermal injury?
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ketamine
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Ketamine is an antagonist of what receptor?
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NMDA
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The effective analgesic dose of alpha 2 is significantly ____ than typically used for sedation.
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lower
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What would happen is you discontinued use of gabapentin abruptly?
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rebound pain
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Is amantidine an analgesic?
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not when used alone
it will augment other analgesics |
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Lidocaine used to reduce the inhalantional agent concentration should not be used in which spp?
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cats
(ok for dogs, horses, sheep) |
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What is the potential toxicity of using MLK in cats?
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seziures & bradycardia
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Where are calibrated (precision) vaporizers positioned? Where are uncalibrated one positioned?
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calibrated (VOC) - outside circuit
uncalibrated (VIC) - inside circuit |
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Name the 8 main things on your anesthesia machine checklist.
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- ensure flow control valves are off
- ensure cylinders are closed & correctly fitted - press O2 flush valves until no gas flows from common gas outlet - check that the flowmeter & pressure gauges are at zero - open O2 cylinder slowly & observe registered pressure - open & close O2 flow meter & press O2 fluve valve - replace any almost empty cylinders - check nitrous cylinders - check vaporizer |
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What factors can affect vaporizer performance?
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- temp extremes
- barometric pressure - filling level (don't overfill) - thymol |
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What is normal tidal volume?
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~15 ml/kg
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