Unit 1 Anatomy

Front 1

Bios

Back 1

Life

Front 2

Cardium

Back 2

Heart

Front 3

Dorsum

Back 3

Back

Front 4

Homeo-

Back 4

Unchanging

Front 5

-logy

Back 5

Study of

Front 6

Medianus

Back 6

Situated in the middle

Front 7

Paries

Back 7

Wall

Front 8

Pathos

Back 8

Disease

Front 9

Peri-

Back 9

Around

Front 10

Pronus

Back 10

Inclined forward

Front 11

Supinus

Back 11

Lying on the back

Front 12

-stasis

Back 12

Standing

Front 13

Venter

Back 13

Belly or abdomen

Front 14

Biology

Back 14

The study of life

Front 15

Responsiveness (irritability)

Back 15

Organisms respond to immediate changes in their environment; the capacity to make such adjustments is adaptability.

Front 16

Growth

Back 16

Over a lifetime, organisms increase through the growth of cells. In multicellular organisms, individual cells become specialized to perform particular functions: differentiation.

Front 17

Reproduction

Back 17

Organisms create generations of similar organisms.

Front 18

Movement

Back 18

Organisms are capable of internal and/or external movement.

Front 19

Metabolism

Back 19

Complex chemical reactions to provide energy required for other functions. Includes absorption of materials from environment. Respiration is absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells.

Front 20

Anatomy

Back 20

Literally "a cutting open", is the study of internal and external structure and physical relationships between body parts.

Front 21

Physiology

Back 21

The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

Front 22

Gross anatomy

Back 22

I.e. Macroscopic anatomy: considers features visible with the unaided eye. Surface anatomy is study of general form and superficial markings. Regional anatomy considers all superficial and internal features in a specific region of the body. Systemic anatomy considers major structure of organ systems.

Front 23

Microscopic anatomy

Back 23

Concerns structures which can't be seen without magnification. Cytology analyzes the internal structure of individual cells. Histology examines tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products which work together to perform specific functions.

Front 24

Human physiology

Back 24

Study of the functions of the human body. More specialties than anatomy.

Front 25

Special physiology

Back 25

Study of physiology of specific organs.

Front 26

Pathological physiology

Back 26

The study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions.

Front 27

Levels of Organization

Back 27

Molecular/Chemical

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Front 28

Homeostasis

Back 28

Refers to existence of a stable internal environment.

Front 29

Homeostasis regulation

Back 29

Refers to adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis. Involves a receptor, control center, and effector.

Front 30

Integumentary System

Back 30

Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature.

Front 31

Skeletal system

Back 31

Provides support; protect tissues; stores minerals; forms blood

Front 32

Muscular system

Back 32

Allows for locomotion; provides support; produces heat

Front 33

Nervous system

Back 33

Directs immediate response to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

Front 34

Endocrine system

Back 34

Directs long term changes in activities of other organ systems (glands)

Front 35

Cardiovascular system

Back 35

Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases.

Front 36

Lymphatic system

Back 36

Defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream.

Front 37

Respiratory system

Back 37

Delivers air to site where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood.

Front 38

Digestive system

Back 38

Processes food and absorbs nutrients

Front 39

Urinary system

Back 39

Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products

Front 40

Reproductive system

Back 40

Produces sex cells and hormones

Front 41

Negative feedback

Back 41

When an effector activated by the control center opposes (negates) the original stimulus. E.g. body temperature

Front 42

Positive feedback

Back 42

The initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces the stimulus. E.g. blood clotting

Front 43

Supine

Back 43

Lying down face up in anatomical position.

Front 44

Anatomical position

Back 44

Hands at the sides with the palms forward and the feet together.

Front 45

Prone

Back 45

Lying down face down in anatomical position.

Front 46

Groin

Back 46

Adjective: inguinal

Front 47

Carpus

Back 47

Wrist

Adj: carpal

Front 48

Pollex

Back 48

Thumb

Front 49

Palm

Back 49

Adj: palmar

Front 50

Antebrachium

Back 50

Forearm

Adj: antebrachial

Front 51

Pelvis

Back 51

Adj: pelvic

Front 52

Umbilicus

Back 52

Navel

Adj: umbilical

Front 53

Abdomen

Back 53

Adj: abdominal

Front 54

Mamma

Back 54

Breast

Adj: mammary

Front 55

Thoracis

Back 55

Chest

Adj: thoracic

Front 56

Cervicis

Back 56

Neck

Adj: cervical

Front 57

Nasus

Back 57

Nose

Adj: nasal

Front 58

Ear

Back 58

Adj: otic

Front 59

Cheek

Back 59

Adj: buccal

Front 60

Eye

Back 60

Adj: orbital or ocular

Front 61

Forehead

Back 61

Adj: frontal

Front 62

Cranium

Back 62

Skull

Adj: cranial

Front 63

Face

Back 63

Adj: facial

Front 64

Cephalon

Back 64

Head

Adj: cephalic

Front 65

Oris

Back 65

Mouth

Adj: oral

Front 66

Mentis

Back 66

Chin

Adj: mental

Front 67

Axilla

Back 67

Armpit

Adj: axillary

Front 68

Brachium

Back 68

Arm

Adj: brachial

Front 69

Antecubitis

Back 69

Front of elbow

Adj: antecubital

Front 70

Digits

Back 70

Fingers

Adj: digital or phalangeal

Front 71

Patella

Back 71

Kneecap

Adj: patellar

Front 72

Leg

Back 72

Adj: crural

Front 73

Tarsus

Back 73

Ankle

Adj: tarsal

Front 74

Hallux

Back 74

Big toe

Front 75

Pes

Back 75

Foot

Adj: pedal

Front 76

Thigh

Back 76

Adj: femoral

Front 77

Pubis

Back 77

Adj: pubic

Front 78

Manus

Back 78

Hand

Adj: manual

Front 79

Shoulder

Back 79

Adj: acromial

Front 80

Olecranon

Back 80

Back of elbow

Adj: olecranal

Front 81

Loin

Back 81

Adj: lumbar

Front 82

Gluteus

Back 82

Buttock

Adj: gluteal

Front 83

Popliteus

Back 83

Back of knee

Adj: popliteal

Front 84

Calf

Back 84

Adj: sural

Front 85

Calcaneus

Back 85

Heel of foot

Adj: calcaneal

Front 86

Planta

Back 86

Sole of foot

Adj: plantar

Front 87

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Back 87

Formed by perpendicular lines that intersect at the navel.

Hint 87

Front 88

Abdominopelvic regions #; names

Back 88

Show the relationships among quadrants, regions, and internal organs.

Hint 88

9 regions:

R & L hypochondriac

Epigastric

R & L lumbar

Umbilical

R & L inguinal

Hypogastric

Front 89

Abdominopelvic organs

Back 89

Front 90

Anterior

Back 90

The front; before

Front 91

Ventral

Back 91

Belly side (anterior in reference to human body)

Front 92

Posterior

Back 92

The back; behind

Front 93

Dorsal

Back 93

The back (equivalent posterior referring to human body)

Front 94

Cranial or cephalic

Back 94

The head

Front 95

Superior

Back 95

Above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head)

Front 96

Caudal

Back 96

The tail (coccyx in humans)

Front 97

Inferior

Back 97

Below; at a lower level

Front 98

Medial

Back 98

Toward the body's longitudinal axis

Front 99

Lateral

Back 99

Away from the body's longitudinal axis.

Front 100

Proximal

Back 100

Toward an attached base

Front 101

Distal

Back 101

Away from an attached base.

Front 102

Superficial

Back 102

At, near, or relatively close to the body surface.

Front 103

Deep

Back 103

Farther from the body surface

Front 104

Transverse plane

Back 104

Lies at right angles to the long (head to foot) axis of the body, dividing it into superior and inferior portions. A cut in this plane is called a transverse section/cross section.

Hint 104

Front 105

Frontal plane

Back 105

Or coronal plane, runs along the long axis of the body. It extends laterally (side to side), dividing the body into anterior and posterior regions.

Hint 105

Front 106

Sagittal plane

Back 106

Runs along the long axis of the body, but extends anteriorly and posteriorly. It divides the body into left and right portions. A cut that passes along the body's midline and divides the body into left and right halves is a midsagittal section (doesn't cut through the legs).

Hint 106

Front 107

Body cavities

Back 107

Internal chambers with two essential functions: (1) protect delicate organs; (2) permit significant changes in shape and size of internal organs.

Front 108

Ventral body cavity

Back 108

Appears in early embryonic development, containing organs of the: respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. As organs develop the VBC gradually subdivides.

Front 109

Diaphragm

Back 109

Flat muscular sheet divides VBC into a superior thoracic cavity, and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity.

Hint 109

Front 110

Viscera

Back 110

The internal organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Front 111

Serous membrane

Back 111

Lines the wall of internal thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, as well as enclosed viscera. Coated in watery fluid to reduce friction. Visceral layer is on organs. Parietal layer is on walls.

Front 112

Thoracic cavity

Back 112

Three internal chambers: pericardial cavity and pair of pleural cavities-all lined by serous membranes.

Front 113

Pericardial cavity

Back 113

Heart inside of pericardial cavity; serous membrane called the pericardium, while layer on heart is the visceral pericardium. The serous membrane on the opposite side, is the parietal pericardium.

Hint 113

Front 114

Pleural cavity

Back 114

Surrounds a lung. Serous membrane called pleura. Visceral pleura on outer surface of lung, while parietal pleura on opposing surface of mediastinum and body wall.

Hint 114

Front 115

Abdominopelvic cavity

Back 115

Extends from diaphragm to pelvis. Subdivided into a superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity. Also contains the peritoneal cavity, which is lined by serous membrane known as peritoneum. Parietal on inner surface of body wall, while visceral on enclosed organs.

Front 116

Abdominal cavity

Back 116

Extends inferior surface of diaphragm to level of superior margins of pelvis. Contains liver, spleen, stomach, small intestine, and most of large intestine.

Front 117

Pelvic cavity

Back 117

Portion of VBC inferior to abdominal cavity. Contains distal portion of large intestine, the urinary bladder, and various reproductive organs.

Front 118

X-ray

Back 118

High energy radiation that can penetrate living tissue. Xrays travel through body before striking photographic plate, and the rays that don't arrive help create an image. Radiodense tissues are white. *Difficult to tell if features in image are from left or right side.

Front 119

CT can

Back 119

Computed tomography scan uses computers to reconstruct sectional views. Single xray source rotates around body and beam strikes sensor monitored by computer. Xray completes one rotation before moving short disgance and rotating again.*Clearer than standard xray with relationship between soft tissues.

Hint 119

Front 120

MRI scan

Back 120

Magnetic resonance imaging surrounds body with magnetic field 3000x stronger than Earth. Field causes body's atoms to line up in uniform direction. Energy from pulses of radio waves are absorbed and released by different atoms in different tissues to create image. *soft tissue is clearer than in CT scan.

Hint 120

Front 121

Ultrasound

Back 121

Small transmitter on skin broadcasts a brief, narrow burst of high-frequency sound and then detects the echoes. An echogram is assembled from the sound waves reflected by internal structures. *lack clarity, but no adverse effects, so safe for fetuses. Can analyze beating heart with special transmission and processing too.

Front 122

Auscultation

Back 122

Listening to a patient's body sounds through a stethoscope.

Front 123

Dorsal cavity

Back 123

The dorsal body cavity is located along the dorsal (posterior) surface of the human body, where it is subdivided into the cranial cavity housing the brain and the spinal cavity housing the spinal cord. The two cavities are continuous with one another.