Anatomy Vertebral Column

Front 1

Purpose of the vertebral column

Back 1

central longitudinal axis,
supports trunk
protect spinal cord

Front 2

Number of bones in the vertebral column

Back 2

usually 33

Front 3

Vertebrae are separated by

Back 3

fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs united by joints and ligaments

Front 4

The design of the vertebral column allows

Back 4

flexibilty and strength

Front 5

Surface Anatomy
Median furrow

Back 5

middle of back over tips of spinous process

Front 6

Surface Anatomy
Cervical region is covered with

Back 6

ligamentum nuchae, thickened supraspinous ligament (makes most not palpable in this region)

Front 7

Surface Anatomy
How to identify C7

Back 7

When the neck is flexed (can be confused with T1 which is more prominent)

Front 8

Surface Anatomy
Number of vertebrae per region

Back 8

Cervical = 7
Thoracic = 12
Lumbar = 5
Sacral = 3
Coccyx = 3-5

Front 9

Surface Anatomy
Where is T1/T2 located

Back 9

superior angle of the scapula

Front 10

Surface Anatomy
Where is T7/T8 located

Back 10

inferior angle of the scapula

Front 11

Surface Anatomy
Where is L3/L4 located

Back 11

highest point of the illac crest

Front 12

Surface Anatomy
posterior superior illac spine lies

Back 12

in a dimple at level of the second sacral spine

Front 13

Generalized plan of vertebrae
(anterior) Body

Back 13

weight bearing connect adjacent vertebral bodies by interverterbral discs

Front 14

Generalized plan of vertebrae
(posterior) vertebral (neural) arch

Back 14

protects spinal cord, non weight bearing

Front 15

Generalized plan of vertebrae
Vertebral foramen

Back 15

located bet.(post) of the body and neural arch. Each forms the verterbal canal

Front 16

Generalized plan of vertebrae
Verterbal arch formed by

Back 16

2 pedicles, 2 laminae arised from 2 superior articular process, 2 inferior articular process, 2 transverse process, 1 spinous process.

Front 17

Generalized plan of vertebrae
Location of superior & inferior articular process

Back 17

at junctions of the pedicles and laminae

Front 18

Generalized plan of vertebrae
location of spinous process

Back 18

posterior midline, directed posterior/inferior from junction of the laminae

Front 19

Generalized plan of vertebrae
location of transverse process

Back 19

each side of the junction of the laminae and pedicles

Front 20

Generalized plan of vertebrae
Where do muscles & ligaments attach?

Back 20

transverse and spinous process

Front 21

Generalized plan of vertebrae
Where are intervertebral formaina bound

Back 21

superior and inferior notches of adjacent pedicles and interevertaral discs

Front 22

Generalized plan of vertebrae
spinal nerves and vessels transmit through

Back 22

each foramen

Front 23

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Cervical: Atlas

Back 23

ring-like, thin anterior, posterior arches, 2 lateral masses, no body or spinous process

Front 24

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Cervical: Atlas C1

Back 24

large horizontal, superior articular process in lateral masses articulae with condyles of the occipital bone

Front 25

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Cervical: Axis C2

Back 25

superior directed odontoid process (dens) forms a pivot upon which the atlas rotates

Front 26

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Cervical: 3-6

Back 26

delicate bodies bifid spinous process, formaina in transverse process, enlarged triangular vertebral foramen

Front 27

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Cervical: C7

Back 27

most superior vertebral spine palpable. (articular process in cervical are usally horizontal)

Front 28

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Thoracic:

Back 28

size increase inferiorly, foramen round, facets on each side of for articulation w/ heads ribs
Tranvsverse process articulate w/ tubercule of rib

Front 29

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Thoracic:

Back 29

spinous process overlap, articular process oriented in the frontal plane in the superior portion, inferior more sagittial

Front 30

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Lumbar:

Back 30

massive bodies, short pedicles, long transverse, short hatchet shaped spinous process, formane triangular, sup/inf articular process are oriented in the sagittal plane

Front 31

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Sacral

Back 31

5 vertebrae fused form sacrum
anterior surface: concave, medial sep. by 4 formamina transmit ventral rami of spinal nerves

Front 32

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Sacral

Back 32

posterior, medial sacral crest by fused spinous process, lateral, 4 posterior sacral foramina that transmit dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves

Front 33

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Sacral

Back 33

laminae of the 5 or 4 meet to form sacral hiatus (place of inferior spinal cord where epidural anest given)

Front 34

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
coccyx

Back 34

3-5 rudimentary vertebrae, caudal vert column

Front 35

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Curvatures (Primary)

Back 35

Formed before birth; thoracic and sacral
concave anteriorly

Front 36

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Curvatures (Secondary)

Back 36

(postnatally)
cervical & lumbar
(develop w/ lifting head, walking)

Front 37

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Curvatures: Changes

Back 37

kyphosis: thoracic curve
lordosis: lumbar
scoliosis: complex bending/torsion of column

Front 38

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Intervertebral discs (outer + deep)

Back 38

20% of length of column
outer= anulus fibrosus (arranged wrapping of dense fibrous tissue
Deep = nucleus pulpous

Front 39

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Intervertebral discs (lateral)

Back 39

semigelatinous, placed so ant. anulus is thicker than posterior, (act as shock absorbers)

Front 40

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Intervertebral discs (nucleus)

Back 40

70-80% water allows for compression/bending
discs dehydrate w/ stand/walk
rehydrate w/ rest
Extrusion of nucleus = herniation (press on nerve root = pain of loss of motor)

Front 41

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Ligaments (anterior longitudinal)

Back 41

connect vert on all sides
strong flat, attach anterior vert bodies, ext atlas to sacrum. prevents hyperext, acts to splint column w/ fx of ant body.

Front 42

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Ligaments (posterior longitudinal)

Back 42

post aspect of vert body, w/in vert canal ext atlas -sacrum. w/ hyperflex holds post margin of vert

Front 43

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Ligaments transvers lig of atlas

Back 43

holds dens of C2 against ant arch of C1

Front 44

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Ligaments ligamentum flavum

Back 44

joins contigous borders of adjacent laminae, yellowish d/t yellow elsastic tissue

Front 45

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Ligaments Interspinous

Back 45

connect deeper aspect of adjacent spines superfically, supraspious lig connects tips of spinous, thickened spuraspinous (cervical) = ligamentum nuchae

Front 46

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
Movements

Back 46

discs & articular process of vert allow move of column
-move bet vert is small, total is column move is large

Front 47

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
types of movement

Back 47

flexion, extension, lateral, bending and rotation

Front 48

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
types of movement Cervical

Back 48

most are permitted by horizontal articular process & thick discs

Front 49

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
types of movement Cervical
atlantoaxial joint

Back 49

rotation allows movement of no

Front 50

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
types of movement Cervical
atlanto-occipital joint

Back 50

cheif move of yes, allows flexion, extension

Front 51

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
types of movement thoracic

Back 51

limited d/t frontal orientation of articular process, thin discs, overlap spinous, attach of ribs/sternum

Front 52

Regional Chacteristics of vertebrae
types of movement lumbar

Back 52

thick discs, sagittal orient of articular allow wide range of move flex/ext, some lateral bend, little rotation

Front 53

Muscles of the back
Superficial

Back 53

innerv. by ventral primary rami of spinal nerve, cutaneous from dorsal rami pass through muscle to innev skin.

Front 54

Muscles of the back
Superficial (all insert on upper limb) 1st layer

Back 54

latissumus dorsi and trapezius

Front 55

Muscles of the back
Superficial (all insert on upper limb) 2nd layer

Back 55

levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor

Front 56

Muscles of the back
interemediate

Back 56

function in resp. serratus posterior sup. & serratus post. inf.
innev. by ventral primary rami and segementally vascularized.

Front 57

Muscles of the back
deep

Back 57

innev by dorsal primary rami
extend vert column, regulate flexion of joints, contract unilaterally, lateral bend and rotation occur

Front 58

Muscles of the back
Deep: splenius

Back 58

muscle wrapped around deep in neck orgin: ligamentum nuchae, T1-T6, insert to transverse of C1 - C4 (splenius cervicis) & sup nuchal line, mastoid process (splenius capitis)

Front 59

Muscles of the back
Deep: Erector spinae

Back 59

gross movement of spine, extends from pelvis to skull,
lower thoracic = iliocostalis, longissmus, spinalis

Front 60

Muscles of the back
Deep: Transversopinalis

Back 60

oblique grp deep to erector spinae, fibers pass superiormedially from transverse process to spines, action: stabilize spine

Front 61

Muscles of the back
Deep: Semispinalis (capitis)

Back 61

most superficial of grp, fibers span 5 segments

Front 62

Muscles of the back
Deep: multifidus

Back 62

deep tp semispinalis, fibers spans 3 segments

Front 63

Muscles of the back
Deep: rotatores

Back 63

deep to multifidus, fibers span 1 segment best developed in throacic

Front 64

Muscles of the back
Deep: other

Back 64

interspinales and intertransversarii, small, minor of deep grp.

Front 65

Rupture of transverse ligament causes

Back 65

dens to drive into spinal cord, fx dens cause disolocation of 2nd on 1st transect cord.

Front 66

CSF can be taken from

Back 66

L3-L4 or L4-L5 in the subarachnoid space, no risk of injury d/t only cauda equina occupy this region. Infants use suboccipital triangle d/t long cord.