Anatomy Unit 2 (Set 2)

Front 1

Functions of central nervous system (4)

Back 1

1. Processes incoming information from PNS via sensory neurons (SAN/VAN)
2. Integrates and coordinates functions & responses
3. Initiates response, if needed via sensory neurons (SEN/VEN--> PNS)
4. ALL higher mental functions (intelligence, memory, complex behavior)

Front 2

Anatomy of CNS

Back 2

housed within the dorsal body cavities

Front 3

Cranial Cavity

Back 3

contained within the skull
- Location of the brain and cranial meninges

Front 4

Spinal Cavity

Back 4

contained within the vertebral canal, inside the vertebral column
-Location of the spinal cord and spinal meninges

Front 5

Meninges

Back 5

There are 3 layers of connective tissue that function as shock absorbers, stabilizers, and extra protection for the delicate neural tissue.

Front 6

What are the 3 layers of connective tissue for the meninges?

Back 6

Dura Matter, Arachnoid Layer, Pia Mater

Front 7

Dura Matter (tough mother)

Back 7

Outer layer (superficial layer)

Attaches to crista galli of ETHMOID bone

Front 8

Arachnoid Layer

Back 8

Middle layer-- loose webby substance

Front 9

Pia Mater (soft or delicate)

Back 9

Inner Layer (deep)
1. Adheres to the neural tissue of the brain and spinal cord
2. Anchors the network of blood vessels which supply the brain and spinal cord
3. Provides lateral stability to the spinal cord via the denticulate ligaments

Front 10

Epidural Space (extradural space)

Back 10

Superficial to dura mater; between dura & bone (skull or vertebrae)

Front 11

Is there a difference between the epidural space in the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity?

Back 11

YES;
Cranial cavity is a potential space
epidural hemorrhage (very dangerous)
Spinal cavity is an actual space
epidural space (filled with fat)

Front 12

Subarachnoid space

Back 12

b/t the arachnoid and pia mater
Contains:
1) meshwork of collagen and elastin fibers --- arachnoid trabeculae (provide support)
2) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 13

CSF produced in the ___ by the ____

Back 13

ventricles of the brain by the choroid plexus (glial cells plus blood capillaries)

Front 14

CSF is a ___fluid

Back 14

Clear

Front 15

CSF circulates through the ___, ___, and ___of the spinal cord, and is reabsorbed into the bloodstream by

Back 15

through the ventricles, sub-arachnoid space, and central canal of the spinal cord, and is reabsorbed into the bloodstream by venous circulation in the cranial cavity

Front 16

Entire CSF volume replaced...

Back 16

every 8 hours

Front 17

CSF Functions"

Back 17

-Cushioning and protection of the spinal cord
-Transportation of nutrients, waste products and other chemicals

Front 18

What is a result from the CSF to fail to cushion and protect neural structure?

Back 18

Concussion

Front 19

Lumbar Spinal Puncture (Spinal tap) are taken from?

Back 19

Performed to draw a sample of CSF from Subarachnoid space

Front 20

What are spinal taps used for?

Back 20

CSF analyzed to detect viruses, bacteria, toxins, drugs, blood cells, glucose & protein levels, CSF pressure

Front 21

Epidural Block is used when and does what?

Back 21

-Injected into epidural space in lumbar region before childbirth
-Provides mainly sensory anesthesia

Front 22

Meningitis is?

Back 22

Inflammation of the meninges in the brain or spinal cord

Front 23

Is bacterial or viral meningitis more serious?

Back 23

Bacterial meningitis more serious than viral meningitis; could lead to death within hours to days if untreated

Front 24

How do physicians test for meningitis?

Back 24

Physician’s Test: touch your neck to your chest, if neck flexion is stiff, then order a CSF analysis

Front 25

Hydrocephalus is?

Back 25

Increase in CSF production and lack of proper drainage  accumulation of extra CSF volume
Treatment: create a shunt

Front 26

What is the function of the PNS?

Back 26

1. Conducts sensory information to the CNS
2. Transmits motor commands to Effectors: (Skeletal m., Smooth m., & Gland)

Front 27

What are the components of the PNS?

Back 27

Cranial nerves – originate from the brainstem
Spinal nerves – originate from the spinal cord

Front 28

The 4 lobes of the brain?

Back 28

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Front 29

Cerebrum is..

Back 29

the largest part of the brain
It has an outer layer of grey matter, called the cerebral cortex and an inner core of white matter

Front 30

The surface of the cerebrum is ....

Back 30

the cerebrum is highly convoluted consisting of raised regions called gyri separated by grooves called sulci

Front 31

Functions of the cerebrum..

Back 31

1. Conscious thought and intellectual functions
2. Processing of somatic sensory information
3. Complex motor behaviors (i.e not reflexes)

Front 32

Cerebral Hemispheres is separated by...

Back 32

R and L separated by the longitudinal fissure
The R & L sides control opposite sides of body

Front 33

Left side of cerebral hemisphere is..

Back 33

more “analytical”: math & logic & languages

Front 34

Right side of cerebral hemisphere is..

Back 34

more “artistic”: spatial skills & understanding emotion

Front 35

Corpus callosum connects..

Back 35

connects R and L hemispheres; composed of over 200 million axons, organized into neural tracts
This white matter structure allows communication between the hemispheres

Front 36

Lateralization...

Back 36

The R and L hemispheres are not functionally equivalent

Front 37

Central sulcus

Back 37

Separating frontal from pariatal lobe

Front 38

Lateral Sulcus

Back 38

Separating temporal lobe from frontal and pariatal

Front 39

Lateral ventricles are filled with

Back 39

CSF

Front 40

Diencephalon's location and connection...

Back 40

Located in the central core of the brain.
Connects the cerebrum to the brainstem

Front 41

What are the two parts of the Diencephalon?

Back 41

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 42

Thalamus...

Back 42

sensory relay & processing center; R&L cerebellar lobes separated by 3rd ventricle --- ALL BUT smell

Front 43

Hypothalamus...

Back 43

located inf. to thalamus
Primary link b/t Nervous System & Endocrine System, connected to the pituitary gland

Front 44

What does the hypothalamus control?

Back 44

Hunger, thirst, rage, sexual desire---> link between/to emotional behavior

Front 45

Hypothalamus is the primary link between___ and the ____. It is physically connected to

Back 45

Primary link b/t Nervous System & Endocrine System, connected to the pituitary gland

Front 46

Cerebellum is..

Back 46

`“Little brain”; has 2 lobes connected by vermis; also has cerebellar cortex

Front 47

Cerebellum is located...

Back 47

Located posteriorly, inferior to the occipital lobe, and posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata

Front 48

Cerebellum communicates with

Back 48

brainstem and cerebrum

Front 49

The cerebellum is responsible for...

Back 49

-coordination of skeletal muscle contractions to produce smooth movements
- controls equilibrium

Front 50

Damage or disease to cerebellum produces..

Back 50

Ataxia-- loss of motor control
(alcohol is a temporary state of ataxia)

Front 51

The midbrain connects...

Back 51

connects cerebrum to the rest of the brainstem

Front 52

What CN's originate at the brainstem?

Back 52

CN III & CN IV originate here

Front 53

Cerebral aqueduct connects

Back 53

the third ventricle of the diencephalon to the 4th ventricle located in the midbrain

Front 54

The midbrain is a reflex center where:

Back 54

Visual reflex
Auditory reflex

Front 55

PONS...
what CNs originate here?

Back 55

-Thickest region- enlargement of brainstem
-transmits/relays impulses b/t cerebrum & cerebellum & brainstem
CN V--to VIII originate here

Front 56

Medulla oblongata
what CNs originate here?

Back 56

continuous with spinal cord, stops at foramen magnum
-controls vital autonomic functions (Heart rate and blood pressure)
Cardiac & Respiratory centers

CN VIII--> to XII originate here