Anatomy Unit 1 Study Guide

Front 1

Describe the body in anatomical position and planes.

Back 1

The anatomical position is when the body is positioned as standing up with its arms down and palms up with the thumbs facing away from the body. Anatomical position is known as "standard position". There is the sagittal plane which is cut along the longitudinal plane of the body; this divides the body into left and right parts. If the body is cut into equal left and right parts, then that is called the median or midsagittal plane. The frontal plane is when the body is cut at a lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back). This plane is also known as the coronal plane. The last plane is called the transverse plane, which is cut along a horizontal plane. This divides the body into superior and inferior (top and bottom) sections. This cut is also known as a cross section.

Front 2

Relate the regions of the body and cavities to the various body systems.

Back 2

There are several regions in the body consisting of the head, neck, upper limb, lower limb, and trunk. The head (brain) is associated with the cranial cavity. The neck is associated with the spinal (vertebral cavity) which contains the spinal cord. These two cavities are two subdivisions which make up the dorsal cavity: well protected by bone. The other two cavities (thoracic and abdominopelvic) are less protected than the dorsal cavity and are known as the ventral cavity. The thoracic cavity consists of the superiod cavity that extends inferiorly into the diaphragm; it contains the heart and lungs, which are protected by the ribs. The abdominopelvic region consists of the cvity inferior to the diaphragm that contains the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs. The abdominal portion is vulnerable because it is protected only by trunk muscles. The pelvic portion is protected by the bony pelvis.

Front 3

Identify the 11 body systems and describe the basic function of each.

Back 3

The integumentary system is the external covering of the body (skin). It functions to alert the body as to what is happening in the enviornment, protects the body from foreign germs, protects the deeper tissue from injury, and helps regulate body temperature.

The skeletal system consists of bones, ligaments, joints, and cartilages. It supports the body and provides a framework that skeletal muscles use to cause movement.

The muscular system is known as skeletal muscles that form to be the "machines" of the body. It functions to contract, thus causing movement.

The nervous system is the body's fast-acting control system. It contains the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. It functions to respond to the irritants coming from the outside of the body.

The endocrine system functions to control the body's activities but it acts much more slowly than the nervous system.

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. It functions to carry oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from the cell tissues.

The lymphatic system includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphnoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils. It functions to return fluid leaked from the blood back to the blood vessels tokeep blood constantly circulating through the body.

The respiratory system consists of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It functions to keep the body constantly supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide.

The digestive system is a tube running from the mouth to the anus and consists of the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. It breaks down food and delivers the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells. The undigested food leaves the body through the anus or feces.

The urinary system produces wastes as by-products of its normal functions. It removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body and urine.

The reproductive system exists to produce offspring.

Front 4

Explain how these body systems relate to each other.

Back 4

The integumentary system and skeletal system are related because they act as the protection and framework of the body, like the framework and bricks for a house. The skeletal system and muscular system are related because the skeletal system provides framework for the skeletal muscles, which are used to contract in the muscular system to form movement. The nervous and endocrine system are related because they both respond to what is going on with the body. The nervous system reacts to fast- occuring problems by sending messages from the brain while the endocrine system uses hormones to respond to things such as growth and reproduction. The cardiovascular system relates to the lymphatic system and respiratory system because the cardiovascular system keeps the blood moving by the heart pumping and the lymphatic system returns leaked blood so that the blood in the body can constantly be circulating and the respiratory system keeps blood supplied with oxygen and nutrients at all times which the heart circulates by beating. The digestive system, urinary system, and reproductive system are related because the digestive system sends unused food to the urinary system which is made into urine, which exits out of the anus, penis or vagina which is part of the reproductive system. The reproductive and endocrine system are related becausse the endocrine system uses hormones to regulate reproduction.

Front 5

Explain the importance of homeostasis in maintaining a stable internal enviornment.

Back 5

Homeostasis is defined as the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing. Every organ in the body plays a role in maintaining internal homeostasis. If homeostasis does not work and the body's internal structure becomes unbalanced, this could lead to death.

Front 6

Briefly describe the role that the different body systems play in maintaining homeostasis.

Back 6

Adequate blood levels of vital nutrients must be continuously present, and heart activity and blood pressure must be constantly monitored and adjusted so that the blood is propelled with adequate force to reach all body tissues. Also, wastes must not be allowed to accumulate, and body temperature must be precisely controlled.

Front 7

Compare positive and negative feedback mechanisms and give an example of each.

Back 7

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback. This means that the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity. A good example of this is a home heating system. If the thermostat is set at 68' F, the heating system will be triggered on when the house temperature drops below that setting. Positive feedback mechanisms are rare in the body because they tend to increase the original disturbance (stimulus) and to push the variable farther from its original value. Blood clotting and birth of a baby are the most familiar examples of positive feedback mechanisms.

Front 8

Explain what cellular metabolism is.

Back 8

Cellular metabolism is all the different chemical reactions that are responsible for energy exchanges in the cell.

Front 9

Identify the processes that produce energy in cells.

Back 9

Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of chemical substances. When the bonds are broken, the potential stored energy becomes kinetic energy .

Electrical energy results from the movement of charges particles. In your body, an electrical current is generated when charged particles move across cell membranes. The nervous system produces nerve impulses to transmit messages from one part of the body to another.

Mechanical energy is directly involved in moving matter. As the muscles in your legs shorten, they pull on your bones, causing your limbs to move, producing mechanical energy.

Radiant energy travels in waves; which connects with the electromagnetic spectrum. Light energy stimulates the retinas in your eyes are very important to vision. Ultraviolet waves cause sunburn.

Front 10

Compare and contrast passive and active transport.

Back 10

Passive transport is when substances are transported across the membrane without any energy input from a cell. Diffusion is an important means of passive transport for every cell of the body. The other passive transport process, filtration, generally occurs only across capillary walls. Diffusion is the process by which molecules move away from a region where they are more concentrated to an area with lower concentration. This is also known as the process of molecules moving down their concentration gradient. The unassisted diffusion that is happening is called simple diffusion and solutes transported this way are either lipid-soluble or small enough to pass through the membrane pores. Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane such as the plasma membrane is called osmosis; this is because water is highly polar and it is repelled by the nonpolar lipid core of the plasma membrane but it can pass through special pores called aquaporis. Faciliated diffusion provides a passage for certain needed substances (such as glucose) that are both lipid insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores. Although faciliated diffusion follows the laws of diffusion, a protein molecule acts as a traansport vehicle for the protein molecule. Filtration is the other type of passive transport and it is the process by which water and solutes are forced through the membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure. This pressure is usually exerted by the blood and it involves a pressure gradient that actually pushes the solute-containing fluid from a higher-pressure area to a lower-pressure area. FIltration is necessary for kidneys.
Active transport is when the cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) that drives the transport process. The ATP that energizes its protein carriers is known as solute pumps. Amino acids, some sugars, and most ions are transported by solute pumps and they travel against the concentration gradient.

Front 11

Identify some cellular processes that need energy.

Back 11

Amino acids, some sugars, and most ions.

Front 12

Explain the effect of uncontrolled cell division.

Back 12

Uncontrolled cell division can be dangerous because it can lead to the formation of cancer. Once this occurs, the cells will keep multiplying, making the disease nearly impossible to stop.

Front 13

Relate the structure of a cell to its function.

Back 13

Simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of thin squamous cells resting on a basement membrane. This relates to its function because this type of membrane usually forms membranes where filtration of substances happens rapidly.

Simple cuboidal epithelium is one layer of cubodial cells resting on a basement membrane and it functions on top of kidneys or ovaries.

Simple columnar epithelium is a singlelayer of tall cells that fit together. This functions to line the entire length of the digestive tract.

Front 14

Compare and contrast the location, structure, and function of the 4 different tissue types.

Back 14

There are different levels of organization in the body such as cells, tissues, organs, and systems. Each tissue is made of different types of cells with specific functions and the four basic tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.