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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tissue |
Groups of cells similar in structure and function |
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Structure of secretory units include what? |
Tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolar |
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How is epithelia integrity maintained? |
intercellular connections, attachment to basal lamina, epithelial maintenance, and repair. |
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Four types |
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and nerve |
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nervous tissue |
internal communication: brain spinal cord, and nerves |
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muscle tissue |
contracts to cause movement |
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What muscle is attached to bone? |
Skeletal |
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Which muscles are attached to heart? |
Cardiac |
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Which muscles are on the walls of hollow organs? |
Smooth |
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Epithelial tissue |
forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters |
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Epidermis |
skin surface |
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Where is epithelial cells found? |
skin surface, lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs |
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Connective tissue |
supports, protects, binds other tissues together |
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Where is connective tissue? |
Bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissue. |
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Where is nervous tissue found? |
brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
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where is muscle tissue found? |
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones, cardiac muscles make up heart, and smooth muscle is found on wall of hollow organs |
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Two types of epithelium |
1. Covering and lining epithelia2. Glandular epithelia |
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Type 1 epithelium tissue |
Covering and lining epithelia on external and internal surfaces |
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Type 2 epithelium tissue |
glandular epithelia is secretory tissue in glands |
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Apical polarity of cell |
upper, free surfaces |
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Basal polarity of cell |
lower, attached surfaces |
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Example of apical surfaces |
may bear microvilli, brush border of intestinal lining or cilia, lining of trachea |
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What lies adjacent to basal surface? |
Noncellular basal lamina of glycoprotein and collagen |
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How are epithelial tissue composed? |
As continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes |
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Characteristics of Epithelial tissue |
supported by a connective tissue reticular lamina (under the basal lamina); avascular but innervated; high rate of regeneration. |
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Is the rate of epithelial tissue regeneration high or low? |
High rate |
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Is epithelial tissue vascular? |
No, avascular |
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Is epithelial tissue innervated? |
Yes, innervated |
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How many layers is simple epithelium? |
One |
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How many layers is stratified epithelium? |
More than 1 |
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What are the 3 types of epithelial cells? |
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
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How are epithelial cells classified? |
by cell shape |
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Cellularity |
Cell junctions |
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polarity |
apical and basal surfaces |
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attachment |
basal lamina |
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Characteristics of Epithelia |
AACPRAttachment, avascularity, cellularity, polarity, and regeneration |
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Functions of epithelial tissue |
provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium) |
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Specialization of epithelial cells in relation to protection |
move fluids over the epithelium |
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specialization of epithelial cells in relation to permeability |
move fluids through epithelium |
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specialization of epithelial cells in terms of protection and messengers |
produce secretions |
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Microvilli |
increase absorption or secretion |
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cillia |
ciliated epithelium move fluid |
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Where is cilia found? |
Apical surfaces |
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Where is microvilli found? |
apical surfaces |
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How is epithelia integrity maintained? |
intercellular connections, attachment to basal lamina, epithelial maintenance, and repair. |
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Intercellular connections |
support and communication via cell adhesion molecules or transmembrane proteins, intercellular cement or porteoglycans, and hyaluronan or glycosaminoglycans |
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CAMs |
cell adhesion molecules which help support intercellular connections |
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intercellular cement |
proteoglycans |
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hyaluronan |
hyaluronic acid, for example gylcosaminoglycans |
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Cell junctions |
Form bonds with other cells or extracellular material: occluding (tight) junctions; gap junctions, macula adherens (desmosome) |
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Occluding (tight) junctions |
between two plasma membranes; adhesion belt attaches to terminal web, prevents passage of water and solutes, isolates wastes in the lumen |
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Gap junctions |
allow rapid communication, held together by channel proteins (junctional proteins, connexons); allow ions to pass; coordinate contractions in heart |
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What is function of gap junctions in heart? |
coordinate heart contractions |
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What can tight junctions prevent? |
passage of water and solutes |
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What is other name for occluding junctions? |
tight junctions |
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What is other name for macula adherens? |
Desmosomes |
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What do spot desmosomes do? |
tie cells together, allow bending and twisting |
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what do hemidesmosomes do? |
attache cells to the basal lamina |
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What is Clear layer of basal lamina called |
lamina lucida |
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Describe the lamina lucida |
thin layer, secreted by epithelia, barrier to proteins |
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What is other name for dense layer? |
lamina densa |
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Describe lamina densa |
thick fibers, produced by connective tissue, has strength and filtration |
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ZONULA OCLUDENS OR NARROW UNION |
Dark zone of fusiform configuration on each side face of the cell, immediately below the surface free of it High molecular weight proteins: ZO-1 and cinculin. |
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ZONULA ADHERENS |
• Immediately below the previous one • Function of both: - Intercellular union - Permeability barrier |
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What is another term for germinative cells? |
Stem cells |
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Where are epithelial cells repaired? |
near basal lamina |
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Simple Squamous epithelium |
single-layer or flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparce cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia |
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What is function of simple squamous epithelia |
allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. |
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Where is simple squamous epithelium located? |
kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae). |
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Endothelium |
lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart |
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mesothelium |
epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity |
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Simple cuboidal epithelium |
single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei. |
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What is function of simple cuboidal epithelium? |
secretion and absorption |
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where is simple cuboidal located? |
kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface |
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simple columnar epithelium |
single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells) |
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Describe function of simple columnar epithelium |
absorption, secretion of mucus, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action |
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Where is simple columnar epithelium located? |
nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterus tubes, and some regions of the uterus |
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
single layer of cells differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia. |
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function of psuedostratified columnar epithelium |
secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action |
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What is location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium? |
non-ciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large gland; ciliated variety lines the trachea; most of upper respiratory tract. |
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Stratified squamous epithelium |
thick membrane, composed of several layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full |
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What is function of stratified squamous epithelium? |
Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion |
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Where is Stratified Squamous epithelium located? |
non-keratinized type forms the most linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane |
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Which epithelia is rare in body? |
Stratified cuboidal epitherlia |
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Where is stratified cuboidal found? |
some sweat and mammary glands, typically two layers thick |
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Stratified columnar |
limited distribution; small amounts found in pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts, occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia |
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Transitional epithelium |
resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells, cuboidal, or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous-like, depending on degree of organ stretch |
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Function of transitional epithelium |
stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organ by contained urine |
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Where is transitional epithelium located? |
lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of urethra. |
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Glandular epithelia (Gland) |
one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid |
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How is gland classified? |
Endocrine versus exocrine, and unicellular versus multicellular |
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Endocrine glands |
ductless glands that secrete hormones that travel through lymph or blood to target organs |
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Exocrine glands |
more numerous that endocrine, secrete product into ducts, secretions released onto body surfaces (skin), or into body cavities |
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Name some exocrine glands |
mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands |
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Unicellular exocrine glands |
Goblet cell |
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Multicellular exocrine glands |
composed of a duct and secretory unit |
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How are multicellular exocrine glands classified? |
Duct types and structure of their secretory units |
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Duct types include what? |
Simple and compound |
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Structure of secretory units include what? |
Tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolar |
