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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Shape of the thorax |
Cylinder, irregular |
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Openings of the thorax |
1) Superior thoracic aperture: narrow, continuous with neck, open 2) Inferior thoracic aperture: larger, closed by diaphragm |
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Compartments of the thorax |
1) Right pleural cavity 2) Left pleural cavity 3) Mediastinum
Pleural cavities enclose the lungs & extend above rib 1. apex of lungs extend into root of the neck
Mediastinum enclose heart, oesophagus, trachea, major nerves and vessels |
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Advantage of having the compartments |
Injury in one compartment won't affect the other compartment
Mediastinum can be entered surgically without opening the pleural cavities |
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Functions of thorax |
1) Breathing - lungs, machinery: diaphragm and muscles to change volume of thoracic cavity
2) Protection of vital organs - lungs, heart, vessels ~ liver protected under right dome of the diaphragm ~ stomach and spleen protected under left dome of the diaphragm ~ kidney is on the diaphragm anterior to right: rib 12, left: rib 11 and 12. Left kidney is higher than right kidney
3) Conduit - passage of major structures ~ oesophagus, vagus nerves and thoracic duct pass through the mediastinum from neck to abdomen ~ phrenic nerves pass through mediastinum to supply the diaphragm ~ trachea, thoracic aorta, superior vena cava pass within mediastinum to and from thoracic organs
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Component parts of thorax |
1) Thoracic wall 2) Superior thoracic aperture 3) Inferior thoracic aperture 4) Diaphragm 5) Mediastinum 6) Pleural cavities |
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Components of thoracic wall |
Muscle and skeleton |
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Boundaries of thoracic wall |
Posterior: T1 - T12, intervetebral discs Lateral: rib 1 - 12, 3 layers of muscles Anterior: sternum
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3 layers of muscles in lateral boundary of thoracic wall |
1) External intercostal 2) Internal intercostal 3) Innermost intercostal |
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Functions of the 3 layers of muscles |
Move ribs, extend and support intercostal spaces |
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Structure of sternum |
3 divisions: 1) Manubrium 2) Body 3) Xiphoid process
Manubriosternal joint form sternal angle It is important clinical landmark for physical exam Rib 2 is attached to sternal angle |
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Articulation of ribs |
With vertebrae Heads - two articular facets, superior: with vertebrae above, inferior: with own vertebrae Tubercles - with transverse process of own vertebrae CC 1-7 - with sternum CC 8-10 - form coastal margin, with CC above them Rib 11-12 - floating |
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Boundaries of superior thoracic aperture |
Skeletal components
Posterior: T1 Lateral: rib 1 Anterior: Manubrium |
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Position of superior thoracic aperture |
At oblique angle Rib 1 slope inferiorly from T1 to attach to manubrium |
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Structures that pass around superior thoracic aperture |
- Structures that pass between upper limb and thorax: over rib 1 and superior pleural cavity - Structures that pass between neck, head and thorax: vertically through superior thoracic aperture |
