Anatomy: Thorax/ Embryology

Front 1

Visceral afferent nerves transmitting pain from the heart do not pass through which structure?

Back 1

Cardiac Plexus

Front 2

What gives rise to the blood vessels in the placenta?

Back 2

mesenchymal cells in the extra embryonic mesoderm

Front 3

As the diaphragm descends, how does that affect the size of the thoracic cage?

Back 3

Increases the vertical dimensions

Front 4

As the rib cage moves during inhalation, how are the dimensions of the thoracic cage changed?

Back 4

increases the depth, (anterior to posterior)

Front 5

Name the 3 cusps of the aortic valve:

Back 5

Right, Left, Posterior

Front 6

Where should you listen in order to hear the pulmonary valve?

Back 6

Left intercostal space along the sternal end

Front 7

Gastrulation eventually gives rise to the...

Back 7

notochordal process

Front 8

Embryology lasts for...

Back 8

first 8 weeks of development

Front 9

fertilization

Back 9

sperm pro-nucleus (1/2 the amount of normal chromosomes in the normal adult) penetrates the egg nucleus

Front 10

zygote

Back 10

first cell after fertilization. diploid, lots of protoplasm.

Front 11

Zona Pellucida

Back 11

"egg shell" made of proteoglycans and other structures found in the ECM, protects and restricts the developing embryo.

Front 12

Where does fertilization and cleavage take place?

Back 12

fallopian tube

Front 13

Ectopic pregnancy

Back 13

when the embryo implants in the fallopian tube

Front 14

How long does it take for the zygote to become 2 cells?

Back 14

almost two full days

Front 15

Blastomere division

Back 15

identical copies of chromosomes, half the # of protoplasm per cell, but same amount of protoplasm overall. cells get smaller and smaller. pluripotent, and absolutely identical

Front 16

Morula

Back 16

16 cell embryo, cells begin to come in contact with on another and start to connect. Still has shell around outside. Cells around the periphery seem to attach more tightly to one another than those in the middle. There starts to be an outside and an inside (polarity). Cells develop ion pumps, and more ions rush inside than outside, so water follows

Front 17

Blastocyst

Back 17

Because of the ion channels and water rushing in, the embryo develops a center cavity for the water, and pushes cells to the periphery.

Front 18

ICM

Back 18

mass of cells that get pushed to one side of the blastocyst, cells that will become the embryo

Front 19

Embryonic Pole

Back 19

end of the blastocyst with the inner mass

Front 20

Abembrionic Pole

Back 20

end of the blastocyst opposite the inner mass

Front 21

Trophoblasts

Back 21

Supporting cells in the blastocyst (not the ICM) supply nutrients and protection. Flatten out after zone pellucid ruptures, become squamous.

Front 22

When does the Zona Pellucida rupture?

Back 22

after blastocyst formation

Front 23

After zona pellucida ruptures, how are the ICM cells affected?

Back 23

they begin to become cuboidal and differentiate. you can start to see a lower cuboidal layer and an upper pseudo stratified layer.

Front 24

Where is the embryo attached to the uterine wall?

Back 24

at the embryonic pole

Front 25

When do the trophoblasts start to differentiate, and what to they become?

Back 25

after uterine implantation.
syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts

Front 26

syncytiotrophoblasts

Back 26

cells that don't separate, become multinucleated, push into the uterine wall. metabolically very active. puts out pseudopodia (little arm projections) into the uterine wall. produces enzymes that break down ECM to make it more open. later, where blood vessels from the mother will run through

Front 27

syncytium

Back 27

when the cytoplasm doesn't divide

Front 28

cytotrophoblast

Back 28

abutting the embryo, cells that stay closer in. single nuclei per cell.

Front 29

Bilaminar Embryo

Back 29

two layers, like two pancakes on top of each other, an outer layer and an inner layer. at the end of the first week of development

Front 30

hypoblasts

Back 30

cuboidal layer of cells, facing in towards the blastocyst cavity (later becomes the yolk sack) stay very tightly bound to one another

Front 31

epiblasts

Back 31

the pseudo stratified layer, facing the amniotic cavity. not as tightly bound as the hypoblasts, which is why the amniotic cavity develops.

Front 32

amniotic cavity

Back 32

ultimately wraps completely around the embryo. develops because the epiblasts allow for ions to pass through, and water moves into the cavity because of ion pumps. embryo is floating in the amniotic cavity.

Front 33

amnioblasts

Back 33

cells that line the amniotic cavity. responsible for making proteins materials

Front 34

Heuseur's membrane

Back 34

hypoblasts that migrate around to form a membrane around the primary yolk sac

Front 35

Primary yolk sac

Back 35

what used to be the inside of the blastocyst, adjacent to the layer of hypoblasts

Front 36

Lacuna

Back 36

empty spaces where in the syncytiotrophoblasts that get very close to the mother's blood vessels.

Front 37

coagulation plug

Back 37

on the uterine wall where the embryo is attached

Front 38

extra-embryonic reticulum

Back 38

in between cytotrophoblasts and he user's membrane. protein rich, fibrous, chondroitin sulfates. no cells.

Front 39

@ 11 days, 2 sacs of importance

Back 39

primary yolk sac and the embryonic sac. sandwiched between them is the embryo

Front 40

extra-embryonic mesoderm

Back 40

forms before the mesoderm of the embryo, forms within the extra-embryonic reticulum

Front 41

primary villi

Back 41

form because cytotrophoblast cells proliferate and push the new cells into the syncytiotrophoblasts. for supporting, anchoring, and transferring metabolites.

Front 42

definitive yolk sac

Back 42

develops because the hypoblasts are proliferating more cells that travel down the edges of the yolk sac but don't make it all the way around, so they pinch off into the definitive yolk sac

Front 43

what is the precursor the the umbilical cord?

Back 43

extra-embryonic mesoderm

Front 44

secondary villus

Back 44

made of extra-embryonic mesoderm, which gets pushed up into the cytotrophoblasts. anchor embryo down

Front 45

gastrulation

Back 45

forming the intra-embryonic mesoderm. mesenchymal cells paint themselves between the two layers, the epiblasts and the hypoblasts.
1. definitive endoderm
2. intraembryonic mesoderm
3. notochord

Front 46

buccopharyngeal membrane

Back 46

dimple at the top of the epiblast, will become part of the back of the mouth/opening of the mouth

Front 47

cloacal membrane

Back 47

dimple at the bottom of the epiblast, will become the anus

Front 48

primary pit

Back 48

indentation

Front 49

primary node

Back 49

above here will be the head region

Front 50

How does the endoderm start to develop?

Back 50

once the mesenchyme develops between the epiblasts and the hypoblasts. the hypoblasts start to be called endoderm.

Front 51

primitive streak

Back 51

primary pit, node and groove. Polarity is set up, above and below this point. this is the point where the rotation of the embryo follows the dictates of the mesoderm produced here.

Front 52

how do mesenchymal cells arise?

Back 52

epithelial cells move over, become bottle shaped, and change into mesenchymal cells. which are pluripotent

Front 53

notochord

Back 53

arises from the mesoderm

Front 54

definitive ectoderm

Back 54

layer of mesenchymal cells that have moved down from the ectoderm and replaced a whole layer

Front 55

mesoblasts

Back 55

give rise to mesoderm, within the space of the endoderm and the ectoderm

Front 56

lateral plate

Back 56

population of mesoderm cells that move towards the lateral edge of the epiblast. come from the groove.

Front 57

paraxial mesoderm

Back 57

come up parallel from the groove, up towards the head.

Front 58

notochordal process

Back 58

hole that surrounds the mesoderm, and that moves forward with the mesoderm, towards the head region.

Front 59

neurenteric canal

Back 59

only open for a short period of time, when the notochordal process bottom layer part is gone, opening between the amniotic cavity and the yolk sac. closes back up after a short period.

Front 60

notochordal plate

Back 60

separate population of mesodermal cells, that are going to pinch around and become the notochord. seals off the embryonic endoderm

Front 61

notochord

Back 61

responsible for inducing the ectoderm above it to start to form the nervous system. ectoderm changes its shape, and develops a neural plate

Front 62

neural plate

Back 62

from the ectoderm, rises up on the sides and forms the neural tube

Front 63

neural crest cells

Back 63

on the top of the neural plate as it rises up to meet the other side. once the edges of the neural plate meet each other, the crest cells separate. BECOME PNS

Front 64

neural tube

Back 64

eventually becomes the spinal cord and the brain. BECOME CNS

Front 65

neuropore

Back 65

openings at the end of the neural tube. anterior and posterior.

Front 66

somite

Back 66

masses of mesoderm distributed along the two sides of the neural tube and that will eventually become dermis (dermatome), skeletal muscle (myotome), and vertebrae (sclerotome)

Front 67

at the end of 3 weeks of development, how many layers is the embryo?

Back 67

3 layers.

Front 68

at what point does the embryo start to produce blood vessels?

Back 68

3 weeks

Front 69

how many umbilical veins? arteries?

Back 69

1 vein, 2 arteries

Front 70

right sided circulation

Back 70

has pulmonary trunk, blood to the lungs

Front 71

left sided circulation

Back 71

has aorta, blood to the body

Front 72

foramen ovale

Back 72

right to left shunt in fetal heart, from right atrium directly to the left atrium. when closed, becomes the fossa ovals. interatrial shunt.

Front 73

ductus arteriosus

Back 73

shunts from the pulmonary artery to the aorta.

Front 74

baby crying at birth does what?

Back 74

squeezes the amniotic fluid out of the lungs and increasing circulation

Front 75

ligamentum arteriosum

Back 75

remnant from the ductus arteriousus, connects pulmonary artery to the arch of the aorta

Front 76

Tetralogy of Fallot

Back 76

1. pulmonary stenosis (pulmonary artery isn't big enough)
2. overriding aorta (aorta is too big, taking blood out of both the left and right ventricles)
3. interventricular septal defect
4. right ventricular hypertrophy (because of increased resistance)

Front 77

cyanosis

Back 77

blue babies

Front 78

clubbing

Back 78

result of an adult with mild tetralogies

Front 79

stenosis

Back 79

narrowing at the opening of a vessel or canal

Front 80

coarctation

Back 80

narrowing of a vessel further down, not at the opening

Front 81

Atresia

Back 81

blockage of a canal or vessel

Front 82

blood islands

Back 82

in the yolk sac, connecting stalk, and the extra-embryonic mesoderm

Front 83

hemangioblasts

Back 83

can either develop into blood or blood vessels. comes from differentiating mesoderm. start to aggregate, and outer layer becomes endothelial cells lining the vessels, and inner layer becomes hematopoietic, blood stem cells

Front 84

hematopoietic

Back 84

potential to turn into blood cells

Front 85

primitive erythrocyte

Back 85

has nucleus, which will later be removed

Front 86

sprouting

Back 86

formation of a long blood vessel

Front 87

intussusception

Back 87

formation of two blood vessels from one long one. fibroblasts produce collagens that come through and divide the long vessel into 2.

Front 88

pericytes

Back 88

supporting cells around blood vessels

Front 89

cardiac crescent

Back 89

population of mesodermal cells that align themselves at the top of the embryo during notochord movement. some will become heart, other parts will become influx and outflow of the heart, and some will become secondary heart field cells

Front 90

cardiogenic crescent

Back 90

what will become the heart. influenced by vascular endothelial growth factors

Front 91

endocardial tube

Back 91

comes from the lateral lane of the cardiac crescent

Front 92

medial lane of the cardiac crescent becomes

Back 92

aorta

Front 93

allantois

Back 93

part of the yolk sac that goes into the connecting stalk

Front 94

where are the ectoderm and the endoderm stuck together with nothing in between?

Back 94

the cloacal membrane

Front 95

what type of folding takes place first in the embryo?

Back 95

head to tail

Front 96

second type of folding of embryo

Back 96

lateral in, like cannolli. brings heart tubes that were far apart on the sides closer together in the middle. *aortas (medial) don't get folded, the stay on the midline, so there are 2 dorsal aortas*

Front 97

after head to tail folding, where does the heart end up?

Back 97

right under the face, as a tube

Front 98

septum transversum

Back 98

part of mesoderm, near heart tube, will become the part of the diaphragm between the heard and the abdomen

Front 99

vitelline sac

Back 99

yolk sac

Front 100

vitelline duct

Back 100

leads to the vetellin/yolk sac, will eventually become the gastrointestinal system

Front 101

primary heart loop

Back 101

2, one in each side of the embryo, starting to approximate one another. right after lateral folding

Front 102

vitelline vessels

Back 102

start to develop independently, on the yolk sac

Front 103

chorionic vessels

Back 103

develop in the placenta, start to grow in and connect to the primitive circulation

Front 104

precardinal vein

Back 104

drains the embryo head region

Front 105

postcardinal vein

Back 105

drains the embryo tail region

Front 106

common cardinal vein

Back 106

where the pre and post cardinal veins come together, to drain the blood from the embryo

Front 107

first aortic arch

Back 107

one on the left and the right, forms after the two heart tubes fuse together. they go around the foregut (throat)

Front 108

Sinus horn

Back 108

one on each side, composed of 3 structures: the vitellin veins, the cardinal veins and the umbilical veins

Front 109

primitive atrium

Back 109

where the left and right sinus horns join together (underneath the primitive ventricle)

Front 110

primitive ventricle

Back 110

above the primitive atrium

Front 111

bulbus chordis

Back 111

above the primitive ventricle, below the first aortic arches

Front 112

cardiac jelly

Back 112

inside the fused heart, no cells but a lot of ECM, through which structures will eventually be able to migrate.

Front 113

transverse pericardial sinus

Back 113

visible in the embryo developing heart, between the primitive ventricle and the bulbous chordis

Front 114

sinus inversus

Back 114

when the right ventricle droops in front instead of the left ventricle, so the heart is in the chest backwards

Front 115

sinus venosus

Back 115

where the left sinus horn and right sinus horn came in

Front 116

truncus

Back 116

will be the arterial trunk, eventually will turn into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. one structure in the embryo before heart is fully developed

Front 117

auriculoventricular canal

Back 117

opening between the auricles and the ventricles (in development)

Front 118

superior and inferior endocardial cushion

Back 118

grows in, forms the septum intermedium

Front 119

which veins disappear in the developing heart?

Back 119

right umbilical, right post cardinal, left pre cardinal, left post cardinal

Front 120

SVC is formed from?

Back 120

right precardinal vein

Front 121

IVC is formed from?

Back 121

left umbilical vein

Front 122

coronary sinus forms from?

Back 122

sinus venosus

Front 123

Smooth interior of atria is formed by?

Back 123

pulling in of the SVC, IVC and pulmonary vessels, which become part of the wall

Front 124

right sinus venous becomes..

Back 124

orifice for right sinus horn

Front 125

orifice for left sinus horn becomes...

Back 125

orifice for coronary sinus

Front 126

Separation of atrium

Back 126

1. septum primum comes down
2. osteum primum (opening) gets smaller and smaller. (holes develop for blood to continue to go through)
3. septum secundum start to come down, thicker than the first
4. ostium secundum is formed, which is actually the swiss cheese opening in the septum prima

Front 127

intermuscular spetum

Back 127

grows up from apex, divides the ventricles. membrane closes the structure

Front 128

caphatating

Back 128

holes formed in the muscle of the ventricular wall --> lead to trabecula carnae

Front 129

formation of conotruncal septum

Back 129

neural crest cells are attracted, divide the truncus into a twist shape, eventually divides into two different tubes. mistakes can lead to transposition of the great vessels, or a common arterial trunk, or coarctation of the aorta

Front 130

transposition of the great vessels

Back 130

aorte on the right, pulmonary trunk on the left

Front 131

common arterial trunk

Back 131

no separation between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk, one big vessel

Front 132

persistent ductus arteriosus

Back 132

coarctation of the aorta makes it so the blood can't go down, so anastomosis between the intercostals, through the internal thoracic artery

Front 133

improper septation of the truncus arterioles leads to

Back 133

tetralogy of fallot

Front 134

When will the pressure on the pleural cavities go above atmospheric pressure?

Back 134

never

Front 135

What do splanchnopleuric embryonic cells lead to?

Back 135

visceral pulmonary pleura

Front 136

Which lobe is in contact with the arch of the azygous vein?

Back 136

superior right lobe

Front 137

greater splanchnic nerve contains axons that

Back 137

synapse in the pre vertebral ganglia

Front 138

what is in the space between the somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric embryonic mesoderm?

Back 138

chorionic cavity

Front 139

what cells give rise to the sympathetic ganglia?

Back 139

neural crest cells

Front 140

in what direction do somites arise?

Back 140

craniocaudal

Front 141

what gives rise to the hepatic sinusoids?

Back 141

vitelline vein

Front 142

How is the mammary gland innervated?

Back 142

intercostal nerves

Front 143

How does heart pain travel back to the brain?

Back 143

with the sympathetic trunk

Front 144

When are the AV valves open?

Back 144

diastole

Front 145

When are the aortic and pulmonary valves open?

Back 145

systole

Front 146

What structures give rise to the IVC?

Back 146

subcardinal, supercardinal, vitelline and posterior cardinal veins

Front 147

Where do the bronchus lymph nodes drain into?

Back 147

supraclavicular nodes

Front 148

12th thoracic spinal nerve carries what?

Back 148

preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Front 149

Pain referred in the neck from the mediastinal pleura is carried in...

Back 149

the phrenic nerve

Front 150

Where does the AV node receive its impulses?

Back 150

from cardiac muscles of both atria

Front 151

Where are ribs more subject to fracture?

Back 151

at their angle

Front 152

decidual reaction:

Back 152

response of endometrial stromal cells to the attachment of the blastocyst

Front 153

From what is the neural tube formed?

Back 153

ectoderm and mesoderm

Front 154

in what mediastinal portion(s) is the brachiocephalic trunk located?

Back 154

superior mediastinum

Front 155

Sinus venosus

Back 155

4 quadrant heart, before the atria and ventricles close off

Front 156

Does the root of the lung contain somatic afferent nerve fibers?

Back 156

No

Front 157

During diastole, the papillary muscles are...

Back 157

relaxed

Front 158

How many weeks into development does the slinky stage of the heart occur?

Back 158

4 weeks

Front 159

Where do epiblasts remain fused to the hypoblasts?

Back 159

buccopharyngeal membrane

Front 160

Which aortic arch gives rise to the ductus arteriosus?

Back 160

6th

Front 161

the definitive yolk sac gives rise to the...

Back 161

allantois

Front 162

Lateral mesoderm give rise to the...

Back 162

somatopleure (adheres to the ectoderm) and the splanchnopleure (adheres to the endoderm)

Front 163

Endoderm comes from the

Back 163

epiblasts

Front 164

Somatic:

Back 164

body wall things, to the body

Front 165

Visceral:

Back 165

refers to hollow organs, like the heart and the lungs

Front 166

Dermatomes: slices of skin innervated by the spinal nerves
3 important slices:

Back 166

1. T10, umbillicus
2. T4, nipple
3. T2, sternal angle

Front 167

Ventral Rami of Segmented Spinal Nerves

Back 167

- Segmental nerve: comes out of the spinal cord and goes to a specific part of the body. Two for the first vertebra, one for each of the rest = intercostal nerves. Come out of the ventral rami

Front 168

Dorsal Rami

Back 168

-Innervate a hand’s width across the back

Front 169

Gray Matter

Back 169

indicates location of cell bodies, less myelinated

Front 170

White Matter

Back 170

indicates locations of neurons, more myelinated

Front 171

Mixed Nerve

Back 171

both sensory and motor nerves, goes around by way of the dorsal ramus

Front 172

Significant feature of the dorsal root:

Back 172

bulge, where cell bodies of sensory nerves are located

Front 173

Diaphragm: somatic innervation?

sense innervation?

Back 173

phrenic nerve from c3, c4, c5

intercostal nerves carry sense innervation

Front 174

proprioception

Back 174

sense of the position of that structure in place, without having to look at it

Front 175

Somatic PNS

Back 175

Single cell effector system, info goes out from the receptor organ to the dorsal root ganglion (sensory). Info goes from the cell body in the ventral horn out to the effector organ (motor)

Front 176

Autonomic PNS

Back 176

visceral innervation, 2 cell effector system. Cell bodies are located outside the CNS. lateral horn is where the cell bodies that come out to innervate the effectors are located. broken down into sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 177

Sympathetic nervous system

Back 177

1. preganglionic cell is located in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
2. synapse is closer to the spinal cord
3. NT at effector organ is NorEpi

Front 178

Parasympathetic nervous system

Back 178

1. preganglionic cell is located in the brain or sacral spinal cord
2. ganglion is closer to the effector organ
3. NT at the effector is AcCh

Front 179

Intermediolateral cell columns

Back 179

from t1 all the way down to L2-L3, source of preganglionic sympathetic cells

Front 180

White rami communicantes

Back 180

presynaptic cell, more myelinated

Front 181

gray rami communicantes

Back 181

postsynaptic cell, less myelinated

Front 182

sympathetic ganglia

Back 182

starts at the lateral horn, comes out the ventral horn, into the mixed nerve, through communicating ramus, synapses and goes out to the effector organ

Front 183

splanchnic nerves

Back 183

branch off the sympathetic chain, come down and slip behind the diaphragm into the abdomen. autonomic, heavily myelinated

Front 184

where does the vagus nerve start? pass through? end?

Back 184

starts as a cranial nerve in the brain, goes down and innervates the heart and esophagus, and goes down into abdomen

Front 185

PSNS innervation to the heart...

Back 185

slows it down

Front 186

SNS innervation to the heart

Back 186

speeds it up

Front 187

How does "stretch" information go from the heart to the CNS?

Back 187

vagus nerve

Front 188

How does pain information go from the heart to the CNS?

Back 188

pain fibers, "visceral afferents" ride along side the sympathetic ganglia

Front 189

cardiac plexus

Back 189

superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia fibers come down and form the plexus along with nerves from T1-3, has both SNS and PSNS innervation

Front 190

How does cardiac referred pain travel?

Back 190

sympathetic fibers and the afferent fibers with them

Front 191

Innervation of the tracheobronchial tree

Back 191

innergation to the heart branches out to deliver the autonomic visceral afferents, SNS fibers, and PSNS fibers into the lungs and tracheobronchial tree

Front 192

Blood flow:
Total Blood volume:
Lymph flow:
Total tissue fluid:

Back 192

5L/min
5L
3L/day
10L

Front 193

2 large lymphatic organs

Back 193

spleen and thymus

Front 194

Cisterna chyli

Back 194

- lipid that has been emulsified by the bile acids in the small intestines has been absorbed, and fat is passed on to the lymphatic system, through lacteals in the small mesentery of the small intestine
- Lacteals run back up to the mesenteric artery, into the cicsterna chyli
- Cisterna chyli runs up into the thoracic duct, which empties into the left venous angle (where the internal jugular and subclavian meet)

Front 195

Thoracic Duct

Back 195

- Responsible for collecting lymph from below the diaphragm and the entire left side of the head, neck, chest, and upper left extremity
- In the posterior mediastinum, in the direction of fluid flow
- Enters the chest around T12, through opening of the diaphragm for the descending aorta
- Veers to the left so it is in the superior mediastinum
- Traverses 2 mediastina compartments
- Lies left of the esophagus in the superior mediastinum

Front 196

Right Lymphatic Duct

Back 196

- Responsible for collecting the lymph from right side of chest, head, neck and right upper extremity
- Also have the right bronchomediastinal trunk, which merges into the right lymphatic duct

Front 197

Breast Lymph drainage

Back 197

- Lymph from the medial half of the breast drain into the lymph nodes along the internal thoracic artery, either ipsilateral or contralateral
- Lymph from the lateral half mostly drains to the axillary nodes

Front 198

- Fixation of the breast:

Back 198

tumor that spread along the deep lymphatics of the breast, breast is no longer able to move around independently of the pectoralis major muscle. 3 symptoms of deep breast tumors: fixation of breast, orange peel appearance of the skin, inverted nipple

Front 199

Sentinal node:

Back 199

the first lymph node through which lymph from an organ travels

Front 200

Damage to the long thoracic nerve leads to

Back 200

winged scapula

Front 201

Lymphedema:

Back 201

blockage of the lymph vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout the body and allow immune cells to travel where they are needed.