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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which thoracic vertebrae are classified as atypical and typical ?
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Atypical:
1st and 9th-12th Typical: 2nd-8th |
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Discuss the facets found on a typical thoracic vertebra.
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Superior costal demi-facet which articulates with the head of the rib of the same number.
Inferior costal demi-facet which articulates with the head of the rib below it. Transverse facet which articulates with the tubercle of the same rib. |
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What are the atypical features of the first thoracic vertebra ?
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1. Superior complete costal facet
2. Broad body that is not heart shaped |
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What are the atypical features of the 9th thoracic vertebra ?
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It has no inferior demi-facet.
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What are the atypical features of the 10th thoracic vertebra ?
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It only has one complete facet.
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What are the atypical features of the 11th and 12th thoracic vertebra ?
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Both have 1 complete facet and no articular process for the tubercles of the ribs.
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List the ribs which can be classified as: True, false and floating.
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True ribs connect directly to the sternum: 1-7
False ribs connect indirectly to the sternum: 8-10 Floating ribs only connect to abdominal muscles: 11-12 |
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What are the borders of the superior thoracic aperture ?
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Anterior- Superior border of the manubrium
Laterally- First rib and costal cartilages Posteriorly- First thoracic vertebra |
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Which structures pass through the superior thoracic aperture ?
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1. Trachea
2. Nerves 3. Oseophagus 4. Arteries 5. Veins |
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What are the borders of the inferior thoracic aperture ?
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Anterior- Xiphisternal joint
Antero-laterally- Costal margin Postero-laterally- 11th and 12th pair of ribs Posteriorly- 12th thoracic vertebra |
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Which structures pass through the inferior thoracic aperture ?
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1. Eosophagus (T10)
2. Inferior vena cava (T8) 3. Aorta (T12) I 8 10 Eggs At 12 |
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Which structures separate the internal intercostal muscles from the innermost intercostal muscles ?
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The intercostal neurovascular bundles.
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Discuss by means of which branches the following great blood vessels supply oxygenated blood to the thoracic wall:
1. Thoracic aorta 2. Subclavian artery 3. Axillary artery |
1. Posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries
2. Internal thoracic and superior intercostal arteries 3. Lateral and superior thoracic arteries |
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What are the terminal branches of the internal thoracic artery ?
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1. Musculophrenic artery
2. Superior epigastric artery |
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Into which blood vessel does the first intercostal vein usually drain into ?
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The brachiocephalic vein.
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Into which major blood vessel do the 2nd and 3rd posterior intercostal veins drain into ?
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They form the superior intercostal vein.
The righ superior intercostal vein drains into the azygos vein. The left superior intercostal vein receives the left bronchial and pericardiophrenic veins before draining into the accessory hemi-azygos vein. |
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List the intercostal nerves that can be classified as typical and atypical.
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Typical:
T3 - T6 Atypical: T1; T2; T7-T11 |
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Discuss the route of the typical intercostal nerve.
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Nerves begin by an anterior rami of the spinal nerve. They then run between the endothoracic facia and recieve two branches from the sympathetic trunk called the rami communicantes. They then run between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles. They give rise to a lateral cutaenous branch in the mid-axillary line. At the sternum they pass between the costal cartilages and form anterior cutaenous branches.
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List the branches of the typical intercostal nerve.
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1. Rami-communicantes
2. Collateral branches 3. Lateral cutaneous branches 4. Anterior cutaneous branches 5. Muscular branches |
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What is the mediastinum ?
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The space between the pulmonary cavities, covered by mediastinal pleura. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity and contains all the thoracic organs, except the lungs. It extends from the superior thoracic aperture superiorly to the diaphragm inferiorly and from the sternum anteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly.
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List the different parts of the mediastinum.
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Superior:
From the thoracic inlet to the sternal angle. Inferior: Anterior- Between the pericardium and sternum Middle- Everything inside the pericardium Posterior- Between pericardium and vertebrae |
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Which structures can be found in the superior mediastinum ?
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PVT Left BATTLE
P- Phrenic nerve V- Vagus nerve T- Thoracic ducts L- Left recurrent laryngeal nerve B- Brachiocephalic veins A- Arch of the aorta T- Thymus T- Trachea L- Lymph nodes E- Eosophagus |
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Which structures can be found in the anterior mediastinum ?
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The thymus.
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Which structures can be found in the middle mediastinum ?
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1. Heart
2. Ascending aorta 3. Superior vena cava 4. Pulmonary trunk |
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Which structures can be found in the posterior mediastinum ?
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1. Eosophagus
2. Thoracic aorta 3. Thoracic duct 4. Azygos venous system 5. Sympathetic trunk |
