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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the clotting proteins?
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fibrinogen and prothrombin
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What is the other name for RBC's?
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erythrocytes
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Erythrocytes are _____ except during their development in bone marrow.
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non-nucleated
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What are between 7 and 8.5 microns in diameter and are ale to bend and flex because of their shape?
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biconcave disks
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Biconcave dics form little rolls wihch are stacks of cells that pass through capillaries and are called what?
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rouleuxs
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Where are RBC's formed?
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red marrow
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Where are RBC's located?
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spongy bone (sternum, scapula, ribs, etc.)
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What are the stages of red marrow (RBC) development?
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erythroblast and reticulocyte
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What is the lifespan of a RBC?
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90 to 120 days
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What do RBC's lack which means they can't repair themselves and the membrane wears out?
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nucleus and DNA
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What is the replacement ratio of RBC's?
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1-3 million/sec
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When the kidney eperiences hypoxia, it releases what?
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erythropoietin
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Erythropoietin stimulates blood formation or what?
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hemopoiesis
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What is the name for when mother's erythrocytes are wiping out the neonates RBC's?
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erythroblastosis
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What is the term used to express the number of cells per unit of volume?
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count
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How many erythrocytes do males have?
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5.4 million erythrocytes per microliter of blood
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How many erythrocyteds do females have?
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4.7 million erythrocytes per microliter of blood
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What is another name for packed cell volume?
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hematocrit
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What is the average hematocrit of a female?
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38
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What is the average hematocrit of a male?
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42
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How many oxygen molecules can be carried by each hemoglobin molecule?
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four
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Hemoglobin combined with oxygen is called what?
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oxyhemoglobin
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What is the color of oxyhemoglobin?
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red
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Hemoglobin without oxygen is called what?
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deoxyhemoglobin
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What color is deoxyhemoblobin?
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blue
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What % of oxygen is transported in hemoglobin?
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98%
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Hemoglobin combined with carbon dioxide is called what?
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carbaminohemoblobin
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If hemoglobin combines with hydorgen ions what does it do?
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acts as a buffer in blood
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What is the average content of hemoglobin?
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12 to 20 grams per 100 ml of blood
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What is the range of hemoglobin for males?
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13-18 g/dl
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What is the range of hemoglobin for females?
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12-16 g/dl
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What is the range of hemoglobin for infants?
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14-20 g/dl
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How much of a RBC is hemoglobin?
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1/3 of the cell
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How many globins do hemoglobins have?
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four
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How many hemes do hemoglobins have?
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four
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What is in the center of a hemoglobin heme?
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iron
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What % of our iron is in hemoglobin?
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65%
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What % of our iron is in gut epithelium?
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30%
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What is the decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood?
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anemia
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What results from insufficient amino acid intake and can't make the globins for hemoglobin?
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nutritional anemia
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What is the name for a large liver and abdomen?
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ascites
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What deadly anemia is from vitamin B12 deficiency?
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pernicious anemia
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What follows extreme exposure to radiation or certain toxins?
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aplastic anemia
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What is required in intrinsic factor for gut absorption?
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Vitamin B12
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What is from excessive loss of blood?
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hemorrhagic anemia
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What is caused from toxins, Ig, or parasites that destroy erythrocytes?
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hemolytic anemia
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What is the general name for the five types of white blood cells?
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leukocytes
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What is name for when a leukocyte is able to crawl?
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amoeboid
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What is the name for when a leukocyte is able to crawl through the capillary wall and enter the interstitial space?
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diapedesis
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What is the name for when a leukocyte is able to detect chemicals that are released by other cells and respond to them?
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chemotaxis
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What chemical can cause inflammation?
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histamine
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What is the name for leukocytes that can engulf objects and destroy the object?
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phagocytosis
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What leukocytes have granules that stain like specks in the cytoplasm?
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granulocytes
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What are the most abundant leukocytes?
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neutrophils
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How long are neutrophils in the blood?
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4-6 hours
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What stain do neutrophils love?
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neutral stain
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What color do neutrophils stain?
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blue-black
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What kind of nucleus do neutrophils have?
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many-lobed
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What functions are neutrophils able to perform?
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amoebic, diapedetic, and phagocytic
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What is the function of neutrophils?
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remove pathogens and tissue debris
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What is the life span of a neutrophil?
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few minutes to several days
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What make up 3% of all leukocytes?
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eosinophils
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What stain do eosinophils love and what color do they stain?
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eosin, orange
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What type of nucleus do eosinophils have?
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bilobed
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What functions are eosinophils able to perform?
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amoeboid and phagocytic
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Eosinophils release enzymes that what?
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kill or inhibit parasites
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What make up less 1% of leukocytes?
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basophils
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What stain do basophils love and what color do they stain?
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basic stain, red-purple
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What type of nucleus do basophils have?
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S shaped
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What is the function of a basophil?
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release histamin, serotonin, and heparin
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What do histamine, serotonin, and heparin do?
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cause swelling and increase permeability
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Within tissues of the body are cells with similar structure and function are called what?
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mast cells
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What do mast cells do?
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increase inflammation and cause allergic reactions
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What leukocytes do not have any granules in their cytoplasm?
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agranulocytes
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What agranulocytes make up 25% of all leukocytes?
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lymphocytes
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Where are lymphocytes located?
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lympth tissue
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What are the two major types of lymphocytes?
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B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
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What lymphocytes are antibody producing cells?
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B-lymphocytes
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What lymphocytes are attack cells that kill cancer cells, etc?
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T-lymphocytes
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What antibodies travel all over the body to do their business?
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B-lymphocytes
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What are immune surveillance cells that kill cancer cells?
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N-K cells
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What agranulocytes make up 7% of all leukocytes?
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monocytes
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What is the size of monocytes?
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14 to 19 microns
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What kind of nucleus do monocytes have?
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kidney-shaped
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When monocytes are stimulated they become aggressive cells called what?
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macrophage
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Where are lymphocytes located?
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lympth tissue
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What are the two major types of lymphocytes?
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B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
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What lymphocytes are antibody producing cells?
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B-lymphocytes
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What lymphocytes are attack cells that kill cancer cells, etc?
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T-lymphocytes
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What antibodies travel all over the body to do their business?
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B-lymphocytes
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What are immune surveillance cells that kill cancer cells?
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N-K cells
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What agranulocytes make up 7% of all leukocytes?
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monocytes
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What is the size of monocytes?
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14 to 19 microns
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What kind of nucleus do monocytes have?
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kidney-shaped
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When monocytes are stimulated they become aggressive cells called what?
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macrophage
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What are not cells, but chunks of material that initiate clotting?
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platelets
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Platelets are produced in red bone marrow from what?
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megakaryocytes
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What are the two pathways that cause plotting?
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extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway
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What is a blood protein that is normally present in blood in an inactive form?
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prothrombin
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Prothrombin becomes active by mechanisms which results in the formation of what?
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prothrombinase
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What activates prothrombin?
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prothrombinase
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When tissue is damage it releases what?
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tissue thrombroplastin
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What type of clotting do we see?
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extrinsic pathway
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What are required for the extrinsic pathway?
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factor 7 and calcium
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What mechanism follow damage to platelets when they contact tissue other than endothelium or blood?
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intrinsic pathway
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What do damage platelets release?
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platelet thromboplastin
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What are required for the intrinsic pathway?
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Factor 8, 9, 11, and 12 and calcium
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What is the name for when prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin?
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prothrombin activation
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What is converted into fibrin by thrombin?
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fibrinogen
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What is needed for synthesis of procoagulants?
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Vitamin K
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What is the name for clotting disorders?
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Hemophilia
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What hemophilia is the most common and the individuals lack factor 8 and is more common in males?
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Hemophilia A
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What hemophilia is also known as the Christmas disease, is an X linked recessive condition, and lacks factor 9?
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Hemophilia B
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What hemophilia lacks normal factor 11?
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Hemophila C
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