Anatomy Test 2 Chap 8

Front 1

2 components define the long axis of the body.

Back 1

- notochord
- vertebral column

Front 2

long rod of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a fluid core (most ancient of the 2 structures).

Back 2

notochord

Front 3

consists of discrete, repeating sires of cartilaginous or bony elements

Back 3

vertebral column

Front 4

4 components of axial skeleton

Back 4

skull
vertebral column
ribs
sternum

Front 5

Originally, the dorsal and ventral arches rested on the notochord which included the:

Back 5

neural arch
hemal arch

Front 6

dorsal arch that protects the nerve cord

Back 6

neural arch

Front 7

ventral arch that protects the blood vessels

Back 7

hemal arch

Front 8

intercalary arches between adjacent vertebrae segments

Back 8

interneural arch
interhemal arch

Front 9

the interneural and interhemal arches are also known as

Back 9

intercalary arches

Front 10

There are 2 centra (bodies) of the vertebrae

Back 10

intercentrum
pleurocentrum

Front 11

(hypocentrum)- the intercalary portion of the centrum

Back 11

intercentrum

Front 12

bulk of the central body

Back 12

pleurocentrum

Front 13

4 Regions of the vertebral column

Back 13

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

Front 14

neck region

Back 14

crevical vertebrae

Front 15

chest region

Back 15

thoracic vertebrae

Front 16

between chest and hips

Back 16

lumbar vertebrae

Front 17

the hip region and posterior

Back 17

sacral vertebrae

Front 18

The terminology to describe the relationship between centra and arches

Back 18

aspidospondyly
holospondyly

Front 19

all elements are seperate
(example)

Back 19

aspidospondyly
(eg., rhachitomous vertebra)

Front 20

all elements fused together into a single unit
(example)

Back 20

holospondyly
(eg., lepospondylous vertebrae)

Front 21

The junction between vertebrae dictate the _ and _ that can occur without damaging the nerve cord

Back 21

amount , type of movement

Front 22

centra with 2 flat ends

Back 22

acoelous

Front 23

amphicoelous
example

Back 23

each surface is concave
dolphin

Front 24

procoelous
example

Back 24

concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly.
frog

Front 25

opisthocoelous
example

Back 25

concave posteriorly, convex anteriorly.
lizzard

Front 26

heterocoelous
example

Back 26

saddle shaped surfaces at both ends
bird

Front 27

5 Different types of vertebral junctions:

Back 27

acoelous
amphicoelous
procoelous
opisthocoelous
heterocoelous

Front 28

An _ is a pad of fibrocartilage with a gel-like core

Back 28

intervertebral disk

Front 29

Sites on the vertebrae which form articular surfaces for arches and ribs are called

Back 29

apophyses

Front 30

3 apophyses

Back 30

diapophyses
parapophyses
zygapophyses

Front 31

process on the neural arch

Back 31

diapophyses

Front 32

ventral process on the intercentrum

Back 32

parapophyses

Front 33

interlocking processes between successive vertebrae and prevent twisting

Back 33

zygapophyses

Front 34

Two types of zygapophyses

Back 34

prezygapophysis
postzygapophysis

Front 35

anterior interlocking portion

Back 35

prezygapophysis

Front 36

posterior interlocking portion

Back 36

postzygapophysis

Front 37

3 functions of ribs:

Back 37

- provide sites for muscle attachment
- form a protective case (rib cage) around the viscera
- serve as accessory breathing devices

Front 38

4 types of ribs:

Back 38

Bicipital
True Ribs
False Ribs
Floating Ribs

Front 39

found in primitive tetrapods, ribs had 2 articular heads

Back 39

Bicipital

Front 40

meet ventrally with the sternum

Back 40

True Ribs

Front 41

fuse with one another, but not the sternum

Back 41

False Ribs

Front 42

articulate with no ventral structure

Back 42

Floating Ribs

Front 43

2 types of bicipital ribs

Back 43

capitulum
tuberculum

Front 44

2 types of true ribs

Back 44

costal rib
sternal rib

Front 45

ventral rib head attaches to parapophysis

Back 45

capitulum

Front 46

dorsal rib head

Back 46

tuberculum

Front 47

proximal segment that articulates with the vertebrae

Back 47

costal rib

Front 48

distal segment articulates with the sternum

Back 48

sternal rib

Front 49

The vertebrae develop from the _ (somite derived) mesenchyme

Back 49

scleratome

Front 50

These cells first migrate ventromedially and form _ around the notochord

Back 50

perichordal rings

Front 51

Collectively, the perichordal rings together form the _

Back 51

perichordal tube

Front 52

Regions of the perichordal tube now grow dorsally and cover the neural tube, forming the future _

Back 52

neural arches

Front 53

A single vertebra is composed of opposing halves of adjacent scleratomes. Thus, these 2 neighboring halves, once joined together are called _ and comprise the future vertebra

Back 53

secondary scleratomes

Front 54

3 parts of sternum

Back 54

sternebrae
manubrium
xiphisternum

Front 55

chain of ossified elements

Back 55

sternebrae

Front 56

first of the series

Back 56

manubrium

Front 57

last in the series (_ cartilage)

Back 57

xiphisternum (xiphoid)