Anatomy Test 2

Front 1

joints=

Back 1

articulations = arthroses

Front 2

joint=

Back 2

articulation = arthrosis

Front 3

joints = articulations classified on the basis of structure = anatomy

Back 3

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Front 4

bones connected by fibrous tissue

Back 4

fibrous joints

Front 5

fibrous joints

Back 5

suture consists of fibrous tissue between interlocking edges of skull bone, syndesmosis consists of interosseus membrance=ligament between tibia and fibula, gomphosis consits of periodontal ligament connecting root(s) of a tooth to the socket(s) in alveolar process of mandile or maxillae

Front 6

bones connected by cartilage tissue

Back 6

cartilaginous joints

Front 7

cartilaginous joints

Back 7

synchondrosis consists of hyaline cartilage epiphyseal plate =growth plate connecting epiphysis to diaphysis; ossificiation of synchondrosis produces a synotosis = epiphyeal line

Front 8

all joints contain a synovial cavity surrounded by a joint capsule containing synovial fluid

Back 8

synovial joints

Front 9

gliding joints between certain tarsal bones

Back 9

planar (synovial)

Front 10

joint between humerus and ulna

Back 10

hinge joint (synovial)

Front 11

joint between proximal ends of radius and ulna

Back 11

pivot joing

Front 12

joint between radius and two carpal bones

Back 12

condyloid (synovial)

Front 13

joint between trapezium of carpus = wrist and metacarpal of thumb

Back 13

saddle joint (synovial)

Front 14

joints between head of femur and acetabulum of coxal = hip bone; and between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula

Back 14

ball and socket joints (synovial)

Front 15

joints = articulations classified on the basis of function = mechanics

Back 15

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

Front 16

synarthroses are also

Back 16

fibrous joints

Front 17

diarthroses joints and are also

Back 17

synovial joints

Front 18

joints that permit no movement such as sutures of the skull

Back 18

synarthroses

Front 19

joints that permit a slight amount of movement such as the pubic symphysis

Back 19

amphiarthroses

Front 20

synovial joints that permit considerable range of movement such as elbow, knee, shoulder, joints of fingers

Back 20

diarthroses

Front 21

movement of relatively flat bone surfaces back-and-forth and side-to-side over one another; little change in the angle between bones

Back 21

gliding

Front 22

flexion

Back 22

decrease in the angle between articulating bones

Front 23

increase angle between articulating bones

Back 23

extension

Front 24

movement of a bone away from the midline

Back 24

abduction

Front 25

adduction

Back 25

movement of a bone toward the midline

Front 26

flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in which the distal end of a body party moves in a circle and does a cone shape in space

Back 26

circumduction

Front 27

rotation

Back 27

movement of a bone around its axis; to turn a bone around another

Front 28

superior movment of a body part

Back 28

elevation

Front 29

depression

Back 29

inferior movement of a body part

Front 30

anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane (move a part forward)

Back 30

protraction

Front 31

posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane (move a part backward)

Back 31

retraction

Front 32

medial movement of the sole

Back 32

inversion

Front 33

lateral movement of the sole

Back 33

eversion

Front 34

movement of the forearm that turns the plan anteriorly

Back 34

supination

Front 35

movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly

Back 35

pronation

Front 36

movement of the thumb across the palm to touch fingertips on the same hand

Back 36

opposition

Front 37

study of joints

Back 37

arthrology

Front 38

study of human movement

Back 38

kinesiology

Front 39

functions of muscular system

Back 39

body movements, heat production, stabilizing body position = posture, and storing and moving substances within the body

Front 40

visceral muscle

Back 40

=smooth (muscle in the wall of hollow organs such as the ureters, digestive system, and arteries

Front 41

cardiac

Back 41

=heart (muscle forming myocardium of the wall of the hart involved in movement of blood through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins

Front 42

properties of muscular tissue

Back 42

electrical excitibility, contractility, extensebility, elasticity

Front 43

ability to respond to certian stimuli by producing electrical signals

Back 43

electrical excitibility

Front 44

ability to contract forcefully when stimulated by an action potential

Back 44

contractility

Front 45

muscle develops tension but does not shorten; ex. holding a book in an outstretched hand

Back 45

isometric contraction

Front 46

tension remains almost constant while the muscle shortens; ex. lifting a book from a table

Back 46

isotonic contraction

Front 47

ability of a muscle to stretch without being damaged

Back 47

extensibility

Front 48

return of a muscle to its original shape and length after contraction or extension

Back 48

elasticity

Front 49

connective tissue components of muscles

Back 49

superifical fascia, deep fascia, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, tendons, aponeuroses, tendon sheath

Front 50

subcuaneous layer (areolar and adipose tissue between skin and muscles; ex. blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves)

Back 50

superficial fascia

Front 51

dense irregular connective tissue ex; surrounds functional groups of muscles

Back 51

deep fascia

Front 52

external connective tissue sheath around a muscle

Back 52

epimysium

Front 53

surrounds internal subdivisions of the muscle, the fascicles - fasciculi

Back 53

perimysium

Front 54

dense regular tissue forming cord-like structure between a muscle and a bone

Back 54

tendons

Front 55

sheet-like tendon that extends from the edge of a broad flat muscle

Back 55

aponeuroses

Front 56

surrounds the tendons of some muscles in the wrist and ankle

Back 56

tendon sheath

Front 57

small mesodermal cells with a single nucleus

Back 57

myoblasts

Front 58

each mature striated (=skeletal) muscle cell (=fiber) develops by

Back 58

fusion of 100 or more myoblasts

Front 59

what happens after fusion of myoblasts

Back 59

cell division is no longer possible in a skeletal muscle cell

Front 60

a term that refers to the 100 or more muclei in each skeletal muscle cells

Back 60

multinucleate

Front 61

the number of skeletal muscle cells ine ach individual is determined (=fixed)

Back 61

before birth

Front 62

most cells last a life time (t or f)

Back 62

true

Front 63

increases in the size of a muscle involves _________ of existing muscle fibers, not an increase in the number ___ of muscle fibers

Back 63

enlargement( =hypertrophy), hyperplasia

Front 64

natural increases in the size of muscle fibers are affected by ___________

Back 64

human growth hormone and testosterone

Front 65

wasting away of muscles

Back 65

muscular atrophy

Front 66

cell membrane surround the cell

Back 66

sarcolemma

Front 67

cytoplasm of the cell

Back 67

sarcoplasm

Front 68

cells are shown to be _____ under magnification

Back 68

cross-banded

Front 69

longitudinally arranged fibers in the sarcoplasm of a cell

Back 69

myofibrils

Front 70

myofibril consists of

Back 70

linearly arrnaged sarcomeres bounded by z-lines

Front 71

each sarcomere contains __________

Back 71

actin and myosin (=thin and thick) protein myofilaments

Front 72

what produces striations

Back 72

overlapping of actin and myosin; darker A bands with lighter I bands

Front 73

deliver electrical impulses (=stimulation) to muscle cells

Back 73

motor neurons

Front 74

sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

Back 74

that upon being electrically stimulated, actin and myosin myofilaments in a sarcomere slide between each other, Z-lines move toward each other, and myofibrils, muscle cells, and motor units shorten

Front 75

relationship between axon of one neuron and dendrites of another neuron

Back 75

synapse

Front 76

relationship between the terminal branches (=terminal arborization) of amotor neuron and associated muscle cells

Back 76

nyoneural junction (=neuromuscular junction)

Front 77

a _____ consits of all striated muscle cells controlled by one motor neuron

Back 77

motor unit

Front 78

smallest motor units include

Back 78

a motor neuron and 2 to 3 muscles cells (ex muscles of larynx used in voice production)

Front 79

motor units of extrinsic muscles that control movements of the eyes include

Back 79

a motor neuron and 10 to 20 striated muscle cells

Front 80

what is average size of motor units in muscles in the human body is about

Back 80

150 muscle cells per motor neuron

Front 81

largest motor units in muscles in the human body include

Back 81

2000 to 3000 muscle cells per motor neuron (ex; in the biceps brachii and gastrocnemius)

Front 82

refers to state of a body after death, in which the muscles become stiff

Back 82

rigor mortis (commences after around 3 hours, reaching maximum stiffness after 12 hours, and gradually dissipates until approximately 72 hours of death)

Front 83

refers to involuntary contraction of some of the motor units in muscles of the body (maintenance of posture)

Back 83

muscle tone

Front 84

a muscle that is primarily responsible for a movement (ex; biceps brachii flexes the forearm)

Back 84

prime mover

Front 85

assist the prime mover

Back 85

synergist (eg brachialis)

Front 86

a muscle that produces a movement opposite to that of the prime mover

Back 86

antagonist (ex; triceps brachii extends the forearm)

Front 87

all or none principle of muscular contraction means

Back 87

that the extent to which a nerve or a muscle will respond to a stimulus is dependant upon the stimulus being of threshold (ex; the response is not stronger as a result of increasing strength of stimulus)

Front 88

a rigid structure that can move around a fixed point called a fulcrum

Back 88

lever

Front 89

a lever is acted on at two different points by two different forces

Back 89

the effort (E), which causes movement, and the load or resistance, which opposes the movement

Front 90

force exerted by muscular contraction

Back 90

effor

Front 91

fulcrum is between the effort and load: as in raising the head where effort (E) is provided by muscle contraction, atlanto-occipital joint is the fulcrum, and weight of anterior portion of the head is the load

Back 91

first class lever

Front 92

the load is between the fulcrum and the effor

Back 92

second class lever (none present in body)

Front 93

effort is between the fulcrum and load: as in flexion of teh forearm where the elbow joint is the fulcrum, contraction of the biceps brachii provides the effort, and weight of hand and forearm is the load

Back 93

third class levers